Studying Forage Mixtures compared with Monocultrue in terms of Yield and Quality under the Syrian Coast Conditions

References 1. Agegnehu, G., Ghizaw, A., and Sinebo, W. (2006). Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands. European Journal of Agronomy, 25, 202-207. 2. Al -bayrak, S., Guler, M and Ozgur Tongel, M. (2004). Effects of Seed Rates on Forage Production and Hay Quality of Vetch-triticale Mixtures. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3 (6), 752-756. 3. Al-Khateeb, S.A., Leilah, A.A., Al-Thabet, S.S and Al-Barak, K.M. (2001). Study on mixed sowing of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena fatua L.) on fodder yield and quality. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci, 16, 159–171. 4. Anil, L., Park, J and Phipps, R.H. (2000). The potential offorage- maize intercrops in ruminant nutrition. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 85, 157-164. 5. Anil, L., park, J., Phipps, R.H and Miller F.A. (1998). Temperate intercropping of cereals for forage: A review of the potential for growth and utilization with particular reference to the UK. Grass and Forage Science, 53, 301-317. 6. Ansar, M., Ahmed, Z.I., Malik, M.A., Nadeem, M., Majeed, A and Rischkowsky, B.A. (2010). Forage yield and quality potential of winter cereal-vetch mixturesunder rainfed conditions. J. Food Agric, 22 (1), 25-36. 7. Assefa, G and Ledin, I. (2001). Effect of variety, soil type and fertilizer on the establishment, growth, forage yield, quality and voluntary intake by cattle of oats and vetches cultivated in pure stands and mixtures. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 92(1-2), 95-111. 8. Association of Official analytical chemists. (1980). Official method of analyses 11th Ed., p. 129 [W Horwitz, editor]. Washington, DC: AOAC. 9. Balabanli, C., Albayrak, S., Turk, M., and Yuksel, O. (2010). A research on determination of hay yields and silage qualities of some vetch + cereal mixtures. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2), 204-208. 10. Barsila, S.R. (2018). The fodder oat (Avena sativa) mixed legume forages farming: nutritional and ecological benefits. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1(1), 206–222.11. Bingol, N.T., Karsli, M.A., Yilmaz, I.H., and Bolat, D. (2007). The effects of planting time and combination on the nutrient composition and digestible dry matter yield of four mixtures of vetch varieties intercropped with barley. Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 31, 297-302. 12. Blaser, B.C., Singer, J.W and Gibson, L.R. (2007). Winter Cereal, Seeding Rate, and Intercrop Seeding Rate Effect on Red Clover Yield and Quality. Agronomy journal, 99, 723–729. 13. Bruinenberg, M.H., Valk, H., Korevaar, H and Struik, P.C. (2002). Factors affecting digestibility of temperate forages from seminatural grasslands: a review. Grass and Forage Science, 57(3), 292–301. 14. Caballero, A., Goicoechea, E.L and Hernaiz, P.J. (1995). Forage yields and quality of common vetch and oat sown at varying seeding ratios and seeding rates of vetch. Field Crops Research, 41, 135-140. 15. Carr, P.M., Horsley, R.D., and Poland, W.W. (2004). Barley, oat, and cerealpea mixtures as dryland forages in the Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal, 96, 677–684. 16. Chen, C., Westcott, M., Neill, K., Wichman, D., and Knox, M. (2004). Row configuration and nitrogen application for barley–pea intercropping in Montana. Agronomy journal, 96, 1730-1738. 17. Chibani, C., Chabaca, R., Boulberhane, D. (2010). Algerian forages. 1. Chemical composition and models to predict energy and nitrogen value. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22 (8). 18. Dapaah, H.K., Asafu-Agyei, J.N., Ennin, S.A and Yamoah, C. (2003). Yield stability of cassava, maize, soybean and cowpea intercrops. J. Agric. Sci, 140 (1), 73–82. 19. Delogu, G., Faccini, N., Faccioli, P., Reggiani, F., Lendini, M., Berardo, N., and Odoardi, M. (2002). Dry matter yield and quality evaluation at two phonological stages of triticale grown in the Po Valley and Sardinia, Italy. Field Crops Research, 74 (2-3), 207–215. 20. Dizaj, K.A., Pouryousef, M and Saboori, N. (2013). Intercropping of Grass Pea with Barley under Irrigated Conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9 (1), 99-102. 21. Eskandari, H., Ghanbari, A and Javanmard, A. (2009). Intercropping of cereals and legumes for forage production. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 1, 07- 1322. FAO (2017). Counting the cost: Agriculture in Syria after six years of crisis. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 23. FAO (2020). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 24. Francia, E., Pecchioni, N., Li Destri Nicosia, O., Paoletta, G., Taibi, L., Franco, V., Odardi, M., Stanca, A.M., and Delogu, G. (2006). Dual-purpose barley and oat in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research, 99, 158–166. 25. Ghanbari, A. and Lee, H.C. (2002). Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 138, 311-314. 26. Giambalvo, D., Ruisi, P., Miceli, G.D., Frenda, A.S and Amato, G. (2011). Forage production, N uptake, N2 fixation, and N recovery of berseem clover grown in pure stand and in mixture with annual ryegrass under different management. Plant and Soil, 342, 379–391. 27. Hoffmann, R., Der, F and Fabian, T. (2004). Yield Comparison of Different Green Fodder Crops Mixtures. Acta agriculturae slovenica, 1, 227–231. 28. INRA. (2018) French National Institute for Agricultural Research. Tables of composition and nutritional values of feed materials. Available at web site: https:// www.feedtables.com/content/tables. 29. Javanmard, A., Nasiri, Y and Shekari, F. (2014). Competition and dry matter yield in intercrops of barley and legume for Forage. Albanian j. agric. Sci,13 (I), 22-32. 30. Karadag, Y and Buyukburc, U. (2003). Effects of Seed Rates on Forage Production, Seed Yield and Hay Quality of Annual Legume–Barley Mixtures. Turk J Agric For, 27, 169-174 . 31. Kjeldahl, J. (1883). Neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Stickstoffs in organischen Körpern (New method fort he determination of nitrogen in organic substances). Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie, 22, 366 –382. 32. Kocer, A and Albayrak, S. (2012). Determination of Forage Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Mixtures with Oat and Barley. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 17(1), 96-9933. Kuusela, E., Khalili, H., and Nykanen-Kurki, P. (2004). Fertilisation, seed mixtures and supplementary feeding for annual legume–grass–cereal pastures in organic milk production systems. Livestock Production Science, 85,(2-3), 113–127. 34. Lanyasunya, T P., Wang H Rong., Mukisira, E A., Abdulrazak, S A., and Ayako, W O. (2006). Influence of manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality of Vicia villosa intercropped with Sorghum almum in Ol-joro-orok, Kenya. Livestock Research for Rural Development ,18 (10). 35. Lemken, D., Spiller, A., Meyer-Höfer, M von. (2017). The Case of Legume- Cereal Crop Mixtures in Modern Agriculture and the Transtheoretical Model of Gradual Adoption. Ecological Economics, 137, 20-28. (Elsevier). 36. Lermi, A.G. (2018). Effects of Mixture Ratios on Forage Yield and Quality of Legume-Triticale Intercropping Systems without Fertilizer in Oceanic Climate Zone. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27 (8), 5540-5547. 37. Lithourgidis, A.S., Dordas, C.A., Damalas, C.A., Vlachostergios, D. (2011). Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(4), 396-410. 38. Lithourgidis, A.S., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Dhima, K.V., Dordas, C.A., and Yiakoulaki, M.D. (2006). Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Research, 99, 106– 113. 39. Mahapatra, S.C. (2011). Study of grass-legume intercropping system in terms of competition indices and monetary advantage index under acid lateritic soil of India. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1(1), 1-6. 40. Malhi, S.S., Zentner, R.P and Heier, K. (2002). Effectiveness of alfalfa in reducing fertilizer N input for optimum forage yield, protein concentration, returns and energy performance of bromegrass-alfalfa mixtures. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 62 (3), 219-227. 41. Mohsenabadi, Gh.R., Jahansooz, M.R., Chaichi, M.R., Rahimian, H., Liaghat, A.and Savaghebi, Gh.R. (2008). Evaluation of Barley–Vetch Intercrop at Different Nitrogen Rates. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10, 23-31. 42. Mousavi, S.R and Eskandari, H. (2011). A General Overview on Intercropping and Its Advantages in Sustainable Agriculture. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1 (11), 482- 486.43. Mpairwe, D.R., Sabiti, E.N., Umuna, N.N., Tegegne, A and Osuji, P. (2003). Integration of forage legumes with cereal crops: 1: effects of supplement with graded levels of lablab hay on voluntary food intake, digestibility, milk yield and milk composition of crossbred cows fed maize-lablab stover or oats-vetch hay ad libitum. Livestock Production Science, 79, 193-212. 44. Ndakidemi, P A. (2006). Manipulating legume/cereal mixtures to optimize the above and below ground interactions in the traditional African cropping systems. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5 (25), 2526-2533 . 45. Ross, M.S., King, J.R., O, Donovan, J.T and Spaner, D. (2004). Intercropping berseem clover with barley and oat cultivars for forage. Agronomy Journal, 96 (6), 1719-1729. 46. Nielsen, H.H and Jensen, E.S. (2001). Evaluating pea and barley cultivars for complementarity in intercropping at different levels of soil N availability. Field Crops Research, 72, 185-196. 47. Rauber, R., Schmidtke, K. and Kimpel-Freund, H. (2000). Competition and yield advantage in mixtures of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 185 (1), 33- 47. 48. Sahile, S., Fininsa, C., Sakhuja, P.K., and Ahmed, S. (2008). Effect of mixed cropping and fungicides on chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia. Crop Protection, 27, 275-282. 49. Salama, H.S.A. (2019). Yield and nutritive value of maize (Zea mays L.) forage as affected by plant density, sowing date and age at harvest. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 14, (2), 114–122. 50. Salama, H.S.A. (2020). Mixture cropping of berseem clover with cereals to improve forage yield and quality under irrigated conditions of the Mediterranean basin. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 65, 159–167. 51. Sengul, S. (2003). Performance of some forage grasses or legumes and their mixtures under dry land conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 19 (3), 401–409. 52. Seydosoglu. S. (2019). Effects of different mixture ratios of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) on quality of silage. Legume Research, 42(5), 666-670.53. Shobeiri, S.S., Habibi, D., Kashani, A., Paknejad, F., Jafary, H., Jami Al- Ahmadi, M., Tookalloo, M.R and Lamei, J. (2010). Evaluation of Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) in Pure and Mixed Cropping with Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to Determine the Best Combination of Legume and Cereal for Forage Production. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 5 (2),169-176. 54. Shukla, O.P., Singh, P.K and Deshbhratar, P.B. (2010). Impact of phosphorous on biochemical changes in Hordeum vulgare L. in mixed cropping with Chickpea. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(5), 575-580. 55. Strydhorst, S.M., King, J.R., Lopetinsky, K.J and Harker, K.N. (2008). Forage potential of intercropping barley with faba bean, lupin, or field pea. Agronomy Journal, 100(96), 182-190. 56. Taddese, G., Eshete, A., Wondaferew, D., Ababu, K and Gashaw, S. (2019). Effect of barley (Hordeumvulgare L.) and fababean (Viciafabae L.) intercropping on barley and fababean yield components. Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal, 3 (1). 57. Tosti, G., Benincasa, P., Farneselli, M., Pace, R., Tei, F., Guiducci, M and Kristian Kristensen, K.T. (2012). Green manuring effect of pure and mixed barley – hairy vetch winter cover crops on maize and processing tomato N nutrition. European Journal of Agronomy, 43, 136-14. 58. Tuna, C and Orak, A. (2007). The Role of Intercropping on Yield Potenyial of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)/Oat (Avena sativa L.) Cultivated in Pure Stand and Mixtures. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2 (2), 14- 19. 59. Vasilakoglou, I.B., Lithourgidis, A.S and K.V. Dhima, K.V. (2005). Assessing common vetch: cereal intercrops for suppression of wild oat. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium, Session S5, European Weed Research Society, Bari, Italy. 60. Velazquez-Beltran, L.G., Felipe-Perez, Y.E., and Arriaga-Jordan, C.M. (2002). Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) for improving the nutrition of working equids in campesino systems on hill slopes in central Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 34, 169–179. 61. Wang, L., Gruber, S and Claupein, W. (2012). Optimizing lentil-based mixed cropping with different companion crops and plant densities in terms of crop yield and weed control. Org. Agr, 2, 79–87.62. Yolcu, H., Muazzez, M and Aksakal, V. (2009). Morphologic, yield and quality parameters of some annual forages as sole crops and intercropping mixtures in dry conditions for livestock. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 7 (3-4), 594-599. 63. Zhang, F and Li, L. (2003). Using competitive and facilitative interactions in intercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. Plant and Soil, 248, 305-312