Pest risk assessment of the importation into the United States of unprocessed logs and chips of eighteen eucalypt species from Australia

The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed‍?logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. cloeziana, E. delegatensis, E. diversicolor, E. dunnii, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. pilularis, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, E. viminalis, Corymbia calophylla, C. citriodora, and C. maculata) from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of concern. Twenty-two individual pest risk assessments were prepared,‍?fifteen dealing with insects and seven with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of eucalypts. Among the insects and pathogens assessed for logs as the commodity, high risk potentials were assigned to the following 14 organisms or groups of organisms: leaf beetles (Chrysophtharta and Paropsis species, including C. agricola, C. bimaculata, P. atomaria, P charybdis, P. delittlei), ambrosia beetles and pinworms (Austroplatypus incompertus; Platypus australis, P. subgranosus, P. tuberculosus; Amasa truncatus; Ambrosiodmus compressus; Xyleborus perforans; Xylosandrus solidus; Atractocerus crassicornis, A. kreuslerae, Atractocerus sp.), round-headed wood borers‍?[Callidiopsis scutellaris; Coptocercus rubripes, Coptocercus sp.; Epithora dorsalis; Hesthesis cingulata; Macrones rufus; Phlyctaenodes pustulosus; Phoracantha (=Tryphocaria) acanthocera, P. (=Tryphocaria) mastersi, P. odewahni, P. punctipennis, P. (=Tryphocaria) solida, P. tricuspis; Scolecobrotus westwoodi; Tessaromma undatum; Zygocera canosa], ghost moths and carpenterworms [Abantiades latipennis; Aenetus eximius, A. ligniveren, A. paradiseus; Zelotypia stacyi; Endoxyla cinereus (=Xyleutes‍?boisduvali), Endoxyla spp. (=Xyleutes spp.)], true powderpost beetles (Lyctus brunneus, L. costatus, L. discedens, L. parallelocollis; Minthea rugicollis), false powderpost or auger beetles (Bostrychopsis jesuita; Mesoxylion collaris; Sinoxylon anale; Xylion cylindricus; Xylobosca bispinosa; Xylodeleis obsipa, Xylopsocus gibbicollis; Xylothrips religiosus; Xylotillus lindi), dampwood termite (Porotermes adamsoni), giant termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis), drywood termites (Neotermes insularis; Kalotermes rufinotum, K. banksiae; Ceratokalotermes spoliator; Glyptotermes tuberculatus; Bifiditermes condonensis; Cryptotermes primus, C. brevis, C. domesticus, C. dudleyi, C. cynocephalus), subterranean termites (Schedorhinotermes intermedius intermedius, S. i. actuosus, S. i. breinli, S. i. seclusus, S. reticulates; Heterotermes ferox, H. paradoxus; Coptotermes acinaciformis, C. frenchi, C. lacteus, C. raffrayi; Microcerotermes boreus, M. distinctus,‍?M. implicadus, M. nervosus, M. turneri; Nasutitermes exitiosis),‍?Botryosphaeria canker pathogen (Botryosphaeria ribis), Cryphonectria‍?eucalypti canker pathogen (Cryphonectria eucalypti), stain and vascular wilt fungi [Ceratocystis eucalypti, C. moniliformis, C. moniliformopsis, Ophiostoma pluriannulatum (or closely related species), Ceratocystis spp., Ophiostoma spp.; Chalara spp., Graphium spp., Leptographium lundbergii (anamorphic stages of Ophiostomataceae)], and the root-, sapwood-, and heart- rot fungi [Phellinus gilvus, P. noxius, P. rimosus, P. robustus, P. wahlbergii; Inonotus albertinii, I. chondromyeluis, I. rheades; Hymenochaete sp.; Stereum hirsutum; Fistulina spiculifera; Ganoderma lucidum;Gymnopilus junonius (= G. spectabilus, = G. pampeanus); Omphalotus nidiformis; Perenniporia medulla-panis; Piptiporus australiensis,‍?P. portentosus]. A moderate pest risk potential was assigned to four organisms or groups of organisms, including the gumleaf skeletonizer moth (Uraba lugens), foliar disease fungi (Aulographina eucalypti, Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti, Cylindrocladium spp., Phaeophleospora spp., Mycosphaerella spp., Quambalaria pitereka), Seiridium canker fungi (Seiridium eucalypti, S. papillatum), and the Armillaria root rot fungi (Armillaria fumosa, A. hinnulea, A. luteobubalina, A. novae-zealandiae, A.‍?pallidula). When chips were considered as the commodity, the risk‍?potentials remained high for the true powderpost beetles, false (auger) powderpost beetles, Cryphonectria eucalypti, the stain and vascular wilt fungi, and the root-, sapwood-, and heart-rot fungi; dropped from high to moderate for the ambrosia beetles and pinworms and for Botryosphaeria ribis; and dropped from high to low for the leaf beetles, the round-headed wood borers, ghost moths and carpenterworms, the dampwood termite, the giant termite, drywood termites, and subterranean termites. The risk potential for the Seiridium canker fungi remained at moderate, while the risk potential for the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, the foliar disease fungi and‍?the Armillaria root rot fungi dropped from moderate to low for the chip commodity. For those organisms of concern that are associated with logs and chips of Australian eucalypts, specific phytosanitary measures may be required to ensure the quarantine safety of proposed importations.