New Records and Ecological Remarks Regarding the Tribe Stomoxyini (Diptera:Muscidae) from Israel
2011
Müeller, Günter C. | Hogsette, Jerome A. | Kravchenko, Vasiliy D. | Revay, Edita E. | Schlein, Yosef
The Stomoxyini is a small tribe with only ten genera and 49 known species worldwide (Zumpt 1973) belonging to the Muscidae, one of the largest dipteran. Apart from feeding occasionally on nectar (Müller et al. 2011a), the adult flies of this tribe are obligate blood feeders and can easily be recognized by their conspicuous proboscis adapted for biting and sucking blood (Zumpt 1973). Several members of the tribe, especially Stomoxys and Haematobia species, are major pests of domestic livestock. Two species, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus 1758) and Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus 1758), cause billions of USD in damages annually in the cattle industry (Byford et al. 1992, Hogsette et al. 1991, Taylor and Berkebile 2006). Haematobia irritans is known to be a vector of nematodes like Stephanofilaria stilesi Chitwood (Hibler 1966), and several Staphylococcus spp. bacteria that cause mastitis or infection of the teats (Owens et al. 1998). Stomoxys calcitrans is a vector of the nematode, Habronema microstoma (Zumpt 1973), and has been shown to transmit many pathogens, mostly under laboratory conditions (Greenberg 1971, Mihok et al. 1995, Sumba et al. 1998). Nevertheless, it is the painful, often multiple bites of the Stomoxyini which cause decreased weight gain and reduction in milk production in livestock because of defensive behavior (Foil and Hogsette 1994). Though Stomoxyini are zoophilic, some species will also bite humans, especially in the absence of livestock (Zumpt 1973).
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