Influence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium in poultry manure on survival, growth, and reproduction in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae)
1995
Barnard, D.R. | Harms, R.H. | Sloan, D.R.
Larval survival, pupal mass, adult emergence, fecundity, and natality in the house fly, Musca domestica L., are not influenced by the levels of calcium or nitrogen in feces of caged laying hens, Gallus gallus L. Reduced pupal mass, low fecundity, and low natality in flies are correlated with increased manure phosphorus concentration. Estimated pupal mass is inversely proportional to manure phosphorus content and decreases by 2.6 +/- 0.5 mg for each 1.0% increase in the phosphorus level. The concomitant decrease in estimated mean fecundity is 27.6 +/- 1.5 eggs per fly. Female flies that emerge from 16.5-mg pupae (larvae reared in-low-phosphorus manure) produce an estimated 5 times more eggs (146.3 versus 26.6) than females that emerge from 5.2-mg pupae (larvae reared in high-phosphorus manure).
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