Reduced ecotoxicity and improved biodegradability of cationic biocides based on ester-functionalized pyridinium ionic liquids

Ester-functionalized pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs), 1-decyloxycarbonylmethylpyridinium chloride (PyrСOOC₁₀-Cl), and 1-dodecyloxycarbonylmethylpyridinium chloride (PyrСOOC₁₂-Cl) have been synthesized and studied for their environmental toxicity. Simple long-chain pyridinium ILs, 1-dodecylpyridinium chloride (PyrC₁₂-Cl), and commercial disinfectant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were used as reference compounds. Both ester-functionalized ILs and CPC showed significantly reduced antibacterial activity compared to PyrC₁₂-Cl. However, ester-functionalized ILs were found to have excellent antifungal activity towards Candida albicans fungus strains, similar to PyrC₁₂-Cl and much higher than for CPC. The molecular docking of ILs in the active site of the known antifungal target N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt) C. albicans has been conducted. The obtained results indicate the possibility of ILs binding into the Nmt pocket. The high stability of the complexes, especially for PyrCOOC₁₀-Cl, is ensured by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic anion-pi interactions, as well as hydrophobic pi-alkyl and alkyl interactions that was confirmed by calculated binding energy values. The acute toxicity studies of ester-functionalized ILs on D. rerio (zebrafish) hydrobiont have shown their dramatically reduced ecotoxicity compared to PyrC₁₂-Cl and CPC. Thus, LD₅₀ values of 15.2 mg/L and 16.8 mg/L were obtained for PyrCOOC₁₀-Cl and PyrCOOC₁₂-Cl, respectively, whereas CPC had LD₅₀ value of 0.018 mg/L. The primary biodegradation test CEC L-33-A93 of ILs indicated an improved biodegradability of ester-functionalized compounds compared to simple long-chain ILs. Based on the obtained results, PyrCOOC₁₀-Cl may be considered as very promising cationic biocide due to the combination of soft antimicrobial activity and reduced ecotoxicity, as well as improved biodegradability.