Vitamin D increases killing of intracellular Leishmania amazonensis in vitro independently of macrophage oxidative mechanisms
2020
Machado, Patrícia de Almeida | Escrivani, Douglas Oliveira | Gomes, Daniel Claudio Oliveira | Rossi-Bergmann, Bartira | Chaves, Suzana Passos | Coimbra, Elaine Soares | de Matos Guedes, Herbert Leonel
Vitamin D has been reported to activate macrophage microbicidal mechanisms by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptides and nitric oxide (NO), but conversely has been shown to contribute to a greater susceptibility to Leishmania amazonensis infection in mice. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the role of vitamin D during intracellular infection with L. amazonensis by examining its effect on macrophage oxidative mechanisms and parasite survival in vitro. Vitamins D₂ and D₃ significantly inhibited promastigote and amastigote growth in vitro. Vitamin D₃ was not able to induce NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in uninfected macrophages or macrophages infected with L. amazonensis. In addition, vitamin D₃ in combination with interferon (IFN)-γ did not enhance amastigote killing and in fact, significantly reduced NO and ROS production when compared with the effect of IFN-γ alone. In this study, we demonstrated that vitamin D directly reduces parasite growth in infected macrophages (approximately 50–60% at 50 μm) but this effect is independent of the activation of macrophage oxidative mechanisms. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the role of vitamin D in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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