Development and Validation of Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Cattle, Swine, and Chicken
2022
Gontu, Abhinay | Marlin, Erika A. | Ramasamy, Santhamani | Neerukonda, Sabarinath | Anil, Gayatri | Morgan, Jasmine | Quraishi, Meysoon | Chen, Chen | Boorla, Veda Sheersh | Nissly, Ruth H. | Jakka, Padmaja | Chothe, Shubhada K. | Ravichandran, Abirami | Kodali, Nishitha | Amirthalingam, Saranya | LaBella, Lindsey | Kelly, Kathleen | Natesan, Pazhanivel | Minns, Allen M. | Rossi, Randall M. | Werner, Jacob R. | Hovingh, Ernest | Lindner, Scott E. | Tewari, Deepanker | Kapur, Vivek | Vandegrift, Kurt J. | Maranas, Costas D. | Surendran Nair, Meera | Kuchipudi, Suresh V.
Multiple domestic and wild animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cattle and swine are susceptible to experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection. The unchecked transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in animal hosts could lead to virus adaptation and the emergence of novel variants. In addition, the spillover and subsequent adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in livestock could significantly impact food security as well as animal and public health. Therefore, it is essential to monitor livestock species for SARS-CoV-2 spillover. We developed and optimized species-specific indirect ELISAs (iELISAs) to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cattle, swine, and chickens using the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen. Serum samples collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic were used to determine the cut-off threshold. RBD hyperimmunized sera from cattle (n = 3), swine (n = 6), and chicken (n = 3) were used as the positive controls. The iELISAs were evaluated compared to a live virus neutralization test using cattle (n = 150), swine (n = 150), and chicken (n = 150) serum samples collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The iELISAs for cattle, swine, and chicken were found to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. These tools facilitate the surveillance that is necessary to quickly identify spillovers into the three most important agricultural species worldwide.
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