Role of PGPR on the physiology of sunflower irrigated with produced water containing high total dissolved solids (TDS) and its residual effects on soil fertility

The present study was conducted to evaluate the bioremediation potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) PGPR isolates from high total dissolved solids (TDS) bearing produced water on the water quality, soil physicochemical properties and growth and physiology of sunflower irrigated with high TDS bearing produced water having salinity level 130 times higher above seawater and also containing traces of oil and grease. Seeds of sunflower hybrid Parsun 3 were soaked for 3–4 h prior to sowing in 72 h old culture of PGPR strains W1 and W2 isolated from high TDS bearing polluted water. The control plants were irrigated with 90% diluted TDS water supplemented with 5 ml LB media. Whereas, the inoculated plants were irrigated with 90% diluted TDS water supplemented with 5 ml PGPR inocula.in LB media. The plants were grown under natural conditions. The 16S rRNA sequence analyses identified the isolate W1 bearing 100% similarity with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Ralstonia pickettii and W2 bearing 99.7% similarity with Brevibacillus invocatus. Both the isolate were catalase and oxidase positive. The Ralstonia pickettii and Brevibacillus invocatus treatments decreased the EC and TDS values significantly such that the EC and TDS values of 90% diluted TDS water were 29 times and 19 times higher than tap water. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and carbon content were 1.96, 1.10, 2.28 1.20, 6.63 and 1.00 times greater than control in the rhizosphere soil of Ralstonia pickettii inoculated plants irrigated with high TDS bearing water There were significant increases in plant growth, sugar, flavonoids and phenolics, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in plants inoculated with Ralstonia pickettii and Brevibacillus invocatus. The flavonoids, phenolics and proline contents were 0.54, 0.72 and 0.30 times higher in Ralstonia pickettii inoculated plants. Shoot/root dry weight ratio was about (50%) lower than control in Ralstonia pickettii and Brevibacillus invocatus treatments. Ralstonia pickettii was more effective than Brevibacillus invocatus to combat oxidative and osmotic stresses. It is inferred that the high TDS bearing produced water from oil factory harbor Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) having the potential to combat high salinity stress in plants when used as bioinoculant. The broth culture containing the bacteria may be supplemented with the saline water used for irrigation as it provides nutrients for the growth and proliferation of bacteria present in the saline water and hence the synergistic action of bacterial inocula with the indigenous bacteria present in saline water may better alleviate osmotic and oxidative stresses of plants encountered under salinity stress. The residual effect of Ralstonia pickettii on organic matter and Ca, Mg, K and P content of the rhizosphere soil was notably higher for succeeding crops. Novelty statement This is the first report demonstrating that rhizobacteria can proliferate in water containing salinity higher above seawater in addition to oil grease and TSS. Their efficiency to reduce TDS can be augmented by an exogenous supply of LB broth culture of PGPR isolated from the polluted water. These indigenous rhizobacteria when used as bioinoculant on the plant can act as plant growth promoters as well as bioremediation of salinity effects.