Safety and immunogenicity of the pneumococcal pneumolysin derivative PlyD1 in a single-antigen protein vaccine candidate in adults

Pneumococcal vaccines based on conserved protein antigens have the potential to offer expanded protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae.This study examined the safety and immunogenicity in adults of three doses of a pneumococcal single-antigen protein vaccine candidate formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and recombinantly derived, highly detoxified, genetically mutated pneumolysin protein (PlyD1).This phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalating study enrolled adults (18–50 years). In a pilot safety study, participants received a single injection of 10μg PlyD1 and were observed for 24h. Following review of the pilot safety data, participants were randomized (2:1) to receive two injections of PlyD1 at one of three doses or placebo 30 days apart. Assignment of second injection and successive dose cohorts was made after blinded safety reviews after each injection at each dose level. Safety endpoints included rates of solicited injection site reactions, solicited systemic reactions, unsolicited adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), and safety laboratory tests. Immunogenicity endpoints included geometric mean concentrations of anti-PlyD1 IgG as determined by ELISA and functional assessment in an in vitro toxin neutralization assay.The study included a total of 100 participants, including 10 in the pilot study and 90 in the randomized study. None of the participants in the pilot study had SAEs, allergic reactions, or other safety concerns. Ninety participants received two doses of or placebo (n=30) or active vaccine candidate at 10 (n=20), 25 (n=20), or 50μg (n=20). No vaccine-related SAE or discontinuation due to an AE occurred. Most solicited reactions were mild and transient. The most frequently reported solicited reactions were pain at the injection site and myalgia. Antigen-specific IgG levels and functional activity showed dose-related increases. When comparing the three dose levels, a plateau effect was observed at the 25μg dose.All dose levels were safe and immunogenic. Repeat vaccination significantly increased the level of anti-PlyD1 antibodies. Functional antibody activity was demonstrated in sera from vaccinated individuals (ClinicalTrails.gov no. NCT01444352).