Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Dufouriini (Diptera: Tachinidae) using a total evidence approach based on adult and immature stages

Dufouriini are a worldwide distributed tachinid tribe comprised of 51 species in 13 genera, made up of parasitoids of adult Coleoptera. The systematic positioning of Dufouriini has been controversial. Currently, it is placed within Dexiinae, but was previously placed in Phasiinae and Voriinae, and has even had the status of subfamily. Delimitation and composition of Dufouriini has also been debated, whether it is a single tribe or divided into two (Dufouriini and Freraeini) or three (Dufouriini, Oestrophasiini and Freraeini) tribes. Herein, we present the first phylogenetic analysis of Dufouriini based on total evidence using morphological data from adult and immature stages. The taxonomic sampling included all genera in Dufouriini (including Oestrophasiini) and also the genus belonging to Freraeini, a historically related tribe. Data matrix comprised 35 species and 22 genera in the ingroup, and 185 characters constructed from eggs, first instar larvae, puparia and adults, including female and male terminalia and spermathecae. The phylogenetic analysis recovered Dexiinae as paraphyletic in relation to Phasiinae, since the clade (Freraeini (Dufouriini + Oestrophasiini)) is more closely related to Phasiinae than Dexiinae. Dufouriini, Oestrophasiini and Freraeini are recovered as separate monophyletic tribes, strongly supported by a number of synapomorphies. Oestrophasiini is revalidated. A new synonymy is proposed: Comyopsis Townsend syn. nov. of Ebenia Macquart. Accordingly, Ebenia fumata (Townsend, 1919) is nomen preoccupatum by Ebenia fumata (Wulp, 1891), thus we change its specific epithet by designation of the new replacement name Ebenia neofumata Santis and Nihei [nomen novum]. The genera Mesnilana and Rhinophoroides are removed from Dufouriini and tentatively placed into Palpostomatini. Finally, Cenosoma stat. rev., previously a subgenus of Oestrophasia, is revalidated as genus.