Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intakes of infants and children: Bogalusa Heart Study
1988
Frank, G.C. | Webber, L.S. | Nicklas, T.A. | Berenson, G.S.
Electrolyte and mineral intakes assessed by 24-hour dietary recall were examined for race and sex differences in cohorts of infants and school-age children at 6 months and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 13, 15, and 17 years. A fourfold increase in sodium intake occurred from 6 months to 4 years, and potassium intake doubled. Sodium increased from 0.88 gm at 6 months to 3.21 gm at 4 years and 3.67 gm by 17 years; a slight increase for potassium was noted from 4 to 17 years for boys. Calcium intake was relatively constant from 6 months to 17 years. Boys had higher intakes of sodium and sodium per kilogram body weight than did girls. Black children at 2, 3, and 4 years had significantly higher sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium expressed as total intake and per kilogram body weight than white children did. At 6 months, 66% of the infants exceeded the National Research Council's recommended range for sodium. At 1 to 10 years, 90% to 100% and at 13 to 17 years, 60% to 65% exceeded the recommended range. In contrast, 58% to 77% of preschool children and only 5% to 20% of school-age children surpassed the recommended potassium range. Fifty percent to 70% of children more than 10 years old achieved the recommended range for potassium. Approximately half of the children 6 months through 4 years of age met the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium. Sixty percent to 80% of adolescents ingested less than two-thirds the RDA. Girls had lower intakes than did boys. A suggested association between high sodium intakes and high blood pressure appears but is inconsistent across ages of children. The constant calcium intake coupled with only moderate increases in potassium intake contrasts with the rise in sodium intake during developmental phases of childhood and young adulthood.
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