How long is the memory of forest growth to rainfall in asynchronous climates?

The out-of-phase rainfall and temperature and deep root system make the sequential connection between past rainfall events, soil water storage, and forest growth response complicated and temporally extended in asynchronous climates with Mediterranean-type settings. Unfortunately, these location-specific deep-soil water stores are rarely measured due to logistic and financial constraints, especially in the forest. Therefore, at a large spatio-temporal scale, forest growth relationship to growth drivers is still unknown in these ecosystems, limiting our knowledge to understand the functioning of these forests and their links with hydrological processes. Although process-based water balance models can analyze vegetation growth response to the input climate forcing, they rely upon some significant assumptions regarding plants access to deep soil water storage. Thus, this study aims to understand how the out-of-phase rainfall events affect the current ecosystem growth response, represented by the observed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), across the landscape. We have used an empirical approach on long term observed data without any assumption on access to deep-soil water stores. We estimated time lags between forest growth and rainfall events using a lagged correlation analysis applied to monthly anomalies of NDVI and rainfall against their climatological averages over 2002–2018. The study found that the forests in asynchronous climates exhibit unexpectedly long (10–25 months) memory to rain, and this memory has a systematic pattern across the landscape, which we contend has highlighted three things: 1) the forest in the middle aridity (∼3–4.5) range are relatively more sensitive to changes in the short-term rainfall than the forest in lower (<3) and higher (>5) aridity regions, could be due to rapid depletion of relatively small soil water storage in between the storms, 2) the variable memory of forest to rain across the landscape can be an indicator of soil depth/rooting depth, and 3) the variable sized location specific antecedent rainfall windows can explain significant variability in forest growth status in asynchronous climates, thus these rainfall windows can be employed to forecast forest growth with a lead time (>4 months).