Photocatalytic oxidation of cytostatic drugs by microwave‐treated N‐doped TiO2 under visible light
2015
Lin, Hank Hui‐Hsiang | Lin, Angela Yu‐Chen | Hung, Chia‐Lin
BACKGROUND: 5‐Fluorouracil is one of the most commonly used cytostatic drugs worldwide. However, the toxicity and persistence of 5‐fluorouracil in the environment have recently received considerable attention. In this study, 5‐fluorouracil removal was performed by photocatalytic oxidation with microwave‐treated N‐doped TiO₂ under visible light. RESULTS: The microwave‐treated N‐doped TiO₂ removed 5‐fluorouracil with a higher degradation efficiency than N‐doped TiO₂ synthesized with the traditional thermal treatments. The most efficient N‐doped TiO₂ (N6) was synthesized using 1 M NH₄OH pre‐immersion and a 3 h 180°C microwave treatment, followed by 55°C calcination for 6 h. The photocatalytic degradation of 5‐fluorouracil achieved 88.8% removal within 20 h of treatment by N6 under visible light, which is higher than that obtained by Degussa P25 TiO₂ (61.5%). Higher concentrations of NH₄OH and longer calcination times resulted in decreased 5‐fluorouracil degradation; the particle size of the synthesized N‐doped TiO₂ increased after calcination. The surface area decreased while the pore volume and pore size increased after synthesis. Furthermore, the basicity of the sites on the synthesized N‐doped TiO₂ decreased after calcination. CONCLUSION: This study, for the first time, reported that microwave‐assisted treatment for N‐doped TiO₂ synthesis effectively removed 5‐fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide compared with traditional thermal treatment. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
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