The optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Centaurea sp. antioxidative phenolic compounds using response surface methodology
2021
Bouafia, Mourad | Colak, Nesrin | Ayaz, Faik A. | Benarfa, Adel | Harrat, Mohamed | Gourine, Nadhir | Yousfi, Mohamed
The current investigation aims to optimize the extraction of leaf phenolics of Centaurea sp. and to propose a scientific basis for an optimal collection of this plant. Centaurea sp. samples were collected regularly over seven months from January to July 2017 (the non-estivation period). They were then subjected to preliminary ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) assays employing four solvents at different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl-acetate, and acetone). April samples extracted in methanol, which revealed maximum recovery of phenolic content, were selected for UAE optimization employing the Box–Behnken design (BBD) technique under the category of the response surface methodology (RSM). In this step, three parameters including time X₁ (min), temperature X₂ (°C) and sample-to-solvent ratio X₃ (g/mL) were used to maximize three responses including total phenolic compounds (TPC) content and two different antioxidant capacity assays, DPPH and FRAP. The results under the optimum conditions were significant: TPC 46.44 “mg GAE/g dm”, DPPH 38.91 “mg AAEAC/g dm”, and FRAP 41.71 “mg AAEAC/g dm”. Moreover, 14 phenolic acids were detected and quantified under optimum conditions after running high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC-DAD). Protocatechuic acid was found at the highest concentration (564.62 ± 0.44 μg/g dm) followed by p-coumaric acid (277.89 ± 0.90 μg/g dm) and ferulic acid (121.52 ± 3.83 μg/g dm). On the other hand, both predicted and experimental BBD responses were in accordance, which points the success of the optimization.
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