Leaf orientation, photorespiration and xanthophyll cycle protect young soybean leaves against high irradiance in field

In order to fully understand the adaptive strategies of young leaves in performing photosynthesis under high irradiance, leaf orientation, chloroplast pigments, gas exchange, as well as chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics were explored in soybean plants. The chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in young leaves were much lower than that in fully expanded leaves. Both young and fully expanded leaves exhibited down-regulation of the maximum quantum yield (F(V)/F(M)) at noon in their natural position, no more serious down-regulation being observed in young leaves. However, when restraining leaf movement and vertically exposing the leaves to 1200 micromol m(-2) s(-1) irradiance, more pronounced down-regulation of F(V)/F(M) was observed in young leaves; and the actual photosystem II (PS II) efficiency (phi(PSII)) drastically decreased with the significant enhancement of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and 'High energy' quenching (q(E)) in young leaves. Under irradiance of 1200 micromol m(-2) s(-1), photorespiration (P(r)) in young leaves measured by gas exchange were obviously lower, whereas the ratio of photorespiration/gross photosynthetic rate (P(r)/P(g)) were higher than that in fully expanded leaves. Compared with fully expanded leaves, young leaves exhibited higher xanthophyll pool and a much higher level of de-epoxidation components when exposure to high irradiance. During leaf development, the petiole angle gradually increased all the way. Especially, the midrib angle decreased with the increasing of irradiance in young leaves; however, no distinct changes were observed in mature leaves. The changes of leaf orientation greatly reduced the irradiance on young leaf surface under natural positions. In this study, we suggested that the co-operation of leaf angle, photorespiration and thermal dissipation depending on xanthophyll cycle could successfully prevent young leaves against high irradiance in field.