Assessment of water quality of rivers that serve as water sources for drinking and domestic functions in rural and pre-urban communities in Edo North, Nigeria

Surface waters are important to humans because they are a significant water supply source. They are, however, under serious environmental stress and are being threatened as a consequence of developmental activities. The present study describes the physicochemical properties and water quality indices of five different rivers used for drinking and other domestic activities in rural and pre-urban communities in Edo North, Nigeria. The physicochemical variable ranges include pH [wet season (6.47 ± 0.30–6.89 ± 0.11), dry season (6.61 ± 0.14–7.84 ± 0.24)], electrical conductivity (EC) [wet season (3.33 ± 0.57–12.33 ± 2.51 μS/cm), dry season (5.33 ± 0.57–21.33 ± 2.08 μS/cm)], water temperature [wet season (24.23 ± 0.98–25.40 ± 1.15 °C), dry season (26.20 ± 0.55–27.10 ± 0.75 °C)], TDS [wet season (417.00 ± 15.87–433.33 ± 18.50 mg/L), dry season (319.33 ± 16.50–372.66 ± 22.30 mg/L)], turbidity [wet season (1.01 ± 0.11–2.08 ± 0.99 NTU), dry season (3.11 ± 0.01–5.41 ± 0.24 NTU)], and DO [wet season (2.65 ± 0.37–3.99 ± 0.01 mg/L), dry season (2.12 ± 0.11–2.44 ± 0.01 mg/L)]. For the wet and dry seasons, the water quality indices were 120.225 and 585.015 for River Osolo, 119.849 and 445.751 for River Foreign, 200.474 and 587.833 for Ijoh River, 105.261 and 512.498 for Ole River, and 150.114 and 489.992 for Ole Extension River, respectively. The pH was negatively correlated with DO (r = −0.648), and EC was negatively correlated with DO (r = −0.635). Most of the evaluated parameters were within recommended water safety guidelines. However, the water quality index shows that the water quality was very poor and/or unsuitable for drinking and other domestic uses, especially during the dry season. It is suggested that river water be treated prior to its use for drinking and other domestic purposes.