Crop health and its global impacts on the components of food security.
2017
Savary, Serge | Bregaglio, Simone | Willocquet, Laetitia | Gustafson, David | Mason D’ Croz, Daniel | Sparks, Adam | Castilla, Nancy | Djurle, Annika | Allinne, Clementine | Sharma, Mamta | Rossi, Vittorio | Amorim, Lilian | Bergamin Filho, Armando | Yuen, Jonathan | Esker, Paul D. | Mcroberts, Neil | Avelino, Jacques | Duveiller, Etienne | Koo, Jawoo | Garrett, Karen | AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT) | Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences ; Universidad de Zaragoza = University of Zaragoza [Saragossa University] = Université de Saragosse | Center for Integrated Modeling of Sustainable Agriculture and Nutrition Security (CIMSANS) | International Food Policy Research Institute [Washington] (IFPRI) ; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR) | Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, Research and Innovation Division ; The University of Queensland (UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations]) | Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology ; International Rice Research Institute [Philippines] (IRRI) ; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR) | Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology ; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences = Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) | Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM) ; Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro) | Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE) | Legumes Pathology ; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics [Inde] (ICRISAT) ; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR) | Department of Sustainable Crop Production - DI.PRO.VE.S., Facoltà di Scienze agrarie, alimentari e ambientali ; Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore [Milano] (Unicatt) | Department of Plant Pathology ; Cornell University [New York] | Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas ; Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica | Plant Pathology Department ; University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF) | Bioagresseurs, analyse et maîtrise du risque (UPR Bioagresseurs) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad) | Africa Rice Center [Bénin] (AfricaRice) ; Africa Rice Center [Côte d'Ivoire] (AfricaRice) ; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR) | Department of Plant Pathology [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS) ; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS) ; University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)
The literature on the importance of plant pathogens sometimes emphasizes their possible role in historical foodshortages and even in famines. Aside from such major crises, plant pathogens should also be seen as important reducers of crop performances, with impacts on system sustainability, from the ecological, agronomical, social, and economic standpoints – all contributing ultimately to affecting food security. These views need reconciliation in order to produce a clearer picture of the multidimensional effects of plant disease epidemics. Such a picture is needed for disease management today, but would also be useful for future policies. This article attempts to develop a framework that would enable assessment of the impacts of plant diseases, referred collectively to as crop health, on food security via its components. We have combined three different existing definitions of food security in order to develop a framework consisting of the following six components: (1) Availability. Primary production; (2) Availability. Import - Stockpiles; (3) Access. Physical and supply chain; (4) Access. Economic; (5) Stability of food availability; (6) Utility-Safety-Quality- Nutritive value. In this framework, components of food security are combined with three attributes of production situations: the nature of the considered crop (i.e. food- or non- food), the structure of farms (i.e. subsistence or commercial), and the structure of markets (i.e. weakly organized and local, to strongly organized and globalized). The resulting matrix: [Food security components] × [Attributes of production situations] provides a framework where the impacts of chronic, acute, and emerging plant disease epidemics on food security can be examined. We propose that, given the number of components and interactions at play, a systems modelling approach is required to address the functioning of food systems exposed to plant disease risks. This approach would have application in both the management of the current attrition of crop performances by plant diseases, and also of possible disease-induced shocks. Such an approach would also enable quantifying shifts in disease vulnerability of production situations, and therefore, of food systems, as a result of climate change, globalization, and evolving crop health.
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