The Ocean is Losing its Breath: Declining Oxygen in the World’s Ocean and Coastal Waters – Summary for Policy Makers. | Declining Oxygen in the World's Ocean and Coastal Waters
2018
Isensee, Kirsten | Chavez, Francisco | Conley, Daniel | Garçon, Véronique | Gilbert, Denis | Gutierrez, Dimitri | Jacinto, Gil | Levin, Lisa | Limburg, Karin | Montes, Ivonne | Naqvi, Wajih | Oschlies, Andreas | Pitcher, Grant | Rabalais, Nancy | Roman, Mike | Rose, Kenny | Seibel, Brad | Telszewski, Maciej | Yasuhara, Moriaki | Zhang, Jing | Breitburg, D | Isensee, K. | Gregoire, M | Global Ocean Oxygen Network
Oxygen is critical to the health of the ocean. It structures aquatic ecosystems and is a fundamental requirement for marine life from the intertidal zone to the greatest depths of the ocean. Oxygen is declining in the ocean. Since the 1960s, the area of low oxygen water in the open ocean has increased by 4.5 million km2, and over 500 low oxygen sites have been identified in estuaries and other coastal water bodies. Human activities are a major cause of oxygen decline in both the open ocean and coastal waters. Burning of fossil fuels and discharges from agriculture and human waste, which result in climate change and increased nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, are the primary causes.
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