Managing Coasts with Natural Solutions | Guidelines for Measuring and Valuing the Coastal Protection Services of Mangroves and Coral Reefs

accretion advection algae aquaculture aquatic organisms atoll atolls ba barrier islands barrier reefs bathymetry beach erosion beaches biomass calcium carbon carbonate climate change coastal areas coastal communities coastal engineering coastal erosion coastal fisheries coastal waters coastal zone management coastal zones coasts continental shelves continents coral coral reef conservation coral reefs corals current velocity delta developed countries dune dunes echinoderms environmental impact erosion estuaries fauna fish fish production fisheries fishes fishing fishing gear foreshore fringing reefs geology gulf indian ocean invertebrates island islands lead leads mangrove mangroves marine biology marine ecosystems marine environment marine geology marine pollution marine protected areas marine resources marshes mean sea level natural resources nickel nitrogen nutrients ocean ocean engineering ocean waves oceans offshore structures organic matter overfishing oxygen pacific ocean ph pollution red algae reefs rural development sea level sea water seas seawater sediment sedimentation sewage shellfish shore protection shores si significant wave height silver sponges storm surges tidal currents tides topography tsunami tsunamis turbulence water water depth water levels water pollution water quality water resources water temperature wave height wind speed wind stress wind waves