g-C3N4-Based Direct Z-Scheme Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications

Photocatalysis represents a promising technology that might alleviate the current environmental crisis. One of the most representative photocatalysts is graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) due to its stability, cost-effectiveness, facile synthesis procedure, and absorption properties in visible light. Nevertheless, pristine g-C3N4 still exhibits low photoactivity due to the rapid recombination of photo-induced electron-hole (e−-h+) pairs. To solve this drawback, Z-scheme photocatalysts based on g-C3N4 are superior alternatives since these systems present the same band configuration but follow a different charge carrier recombination mechanism. To contextualize the topic, the main drawbacks of using g-C3N4 as a photocatalyst in environmental applications are mentioned in this review. Then, the basic concepts of the Z-scheme and the synthesis and characterization of the Z-scheme based on g-C3N4 are addressed to obtain novel systems with suitable photocatalytic activity in environmental applications (pollutant abatement, H2 production, and CO2 reduction). Focusing on the applications of the Z-scheme based on g-C3N4, the most representative examples of these systems are referred to, analyzed, and commented on in the main text. To conclude this review, an outlook of the future challenges and prospects of g-C3N4-based Z-scheme photocatalysts is addressed.

This research was funded by European Union-Next Generation EU, MINECO, and University of Alicante: MARSALAS21-09, Generalitat Valenciana: CDEIGENT/2018/027, University of Alicante: GRE20-19-A. PID2021-123079OB-I00 project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”, European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme: Grant Agreement 101002219 and Generalitat Valenciana: Proyecto Prometeo CIPROM/2021/70.