Incidencia y medidas alternativas de control para el moko (Ralstonia solanacearum) del banano en el Ecuador

Bananas (Musa. AAA) are grown in all tropical regions and are essential to the economies of many developing countries. The banana sector in Ecuador distributes more than 165,080 hectares, with a productivity of 6,023,390 tons. This is the most exported fresh fruit in the world in terms of volume and value. The bacterial moko, caused by the bacterium R solanacearum race 2. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, 0.5 to 0.7 microns in size x 1 to 2 um, mobile, with one to four strains of flagella, which vary according to the type of colony and the age of the crop. Depending on the variety used, the disease can be more severe, with the square plantain being the most vulnerable. The R. solanacearum bacterium represents a high potential pest threat in Ecuador due to the ease of distribution and popularity of different mechanisms, pathophysiological variations, management complexity and factors, a decisive factor in the reduction of commercial banana production in Ecuador, taking into account that moko can destroy up to 100% of the plantations where they occur. Banana Moko is considered one of the most important flowering plant conservation detriments to Musaceae. The R. solanacearum race 2 bacterium is present in countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, the Caribbean, Florida, and the European Union. Through various identification processes of this pathogen, the elimination of thousands of hectares of bananas in Latin America has been recorded. Pathogens enter host plants by natural or mechanical wounds. Control of Moko disease is limited, due to the absence of effective management technologies and banana plant varieties resistant to R. solanacearum disease. Sodium hypochlorite (3.5%) | 20% | 200ml/liter | (Blomme, G. et al, 2017) Quaternary Ammonium (20%) | 1200ppm | 6ml/liter. Inject 20% glyphosate solution into the pseudostem part (480 g/l product concentration) in a spiral fashion for all plants in that area using a graduated syringe.

Bananas (Musa. AAA) are grown in all tropical regions and are essential to the economies of many developing countries. The banana sector in Ecuador distributes more than 165,080 hectares, with a productivity of 6,023,390 tons. This is the most exported fresh fruit in the world in terms of volume and value. The bacterial moko, caused by the bacterium R solanacearum race 2. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, 0.5 to 0.7 microns in size x 1 to 2 um, mobile, with one to four strains of flagella, which vary according to the type of colony and the age of the crop. Depending on the variety used, the disease can be more severe, with the square plantain being the most vulnerable. The R. solanacearum bacterium represents a high potential pest threat in Ecuador due to the ease of distribution and popularity of different mechanisms, pathophysiological variations, management complexity and factors, a decisive factor in the reduction of commercial banana production in Ecuador, taking into account that moko can destroy up to 100% of the plantations where they occur. Banana Moko is considered one of the most important flowering plant conservation detriments to Musaceae. The R. solanacearum race 2 bacterium is present in countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, the Caribbean, Florida, and the European Union. Through various identification processes of this pathogen, the elimination of thousands of hectares of bananas in Latin America has been recorded. Pathogens enter host plants by natural or mechanical wounds. Control of Moko disease is limited, due to the absence of effective management technologies and banana plant varieties resistant to R. solanacearum disease. Sodium hypochlorite (3.5%) | 20% | 200ml/liter | (Blomme, G. et al, 2017) Quaternary Ammonium (20%) | 1200ppm | 6ml/liter. Inject 20% glyphosate solution into the pseudostem part (480 g/l product concentration) in a spiral fashion for all plants in that area using a graduated syringe.

El banano (Musa, AAA ) se cultiva en todas las regiones tropicales y es un cultivo fundamental para las economías de muchos países en desarrollo. El sector bananero en Ecuador destina más de 165.080 hectáreas, con una productividad de 6’023.390 toneladas. Esta es la fruta fresca más exportada del mundo en términos de volumen y valor. El moko bacteriano, causado por la bacteria R solanacearum raza 2. Es una bacteria gramnegativa, en forma de bastoncillo, de 0,5 a 0,7 micrones de tamaño x 1 a 2 um, móvil, con una a cuatro cepas de flagelos, que varían según el tipo de colonia y la edad del cultivo. Dependiendo de la variedad utilizada, la enfermedad puede ser más severa, siendo el banano cuadrado el más vulnerable. La bacteria R. solanacearum representa una amenaza de plaga de alto potencial en Ecuador debido a la facilidad de distribución y popularidad de diferentes mecanismos, variaciones fisiopatológicas, complejidad del manejo y factores, un factor decisivo en la reducción de la producción comercial de banano en el Ecuador, teniendo en cuenta que el moko puede destruir hasta el 100 % de las plantaciones donde se presentan. El Moko del banano es considerado uno de los perjuicios de conservación de plantas más importantes que afectan a las Musaceae. La bacteria R. solanacearum raza 2, se encuentra presente en países de África, Sureste Asiático, Centro y Sudamérica, El Caribe, Florida y Unión Europea. Mediante varios procesos de identificación de este patógeno se han reportado la eliminación de miles de hectáreas de banano en Latinoamérica. Los patógenos ingresan a las plantas hospederas por medios de heridas naturales o mecánicas. El control de la enfermedad del Moko es limitado, debido a la ausencia de tecnologías eficaces y variedades de banano resistentes a la enfermedad. Hipoclorito de sodio (3,5 %) | 20% | 200 ml/litro | Como desinfección se utiliza Amonio Cuaternario (20 %) | 1200 ppm | 6 ml/litro. Inyecte una solución de glifosato al 20 % en la parte del pseudotallo (concentración de producto de 480 g/l) en forma de espiral para todas las plantas de esa área utilizando una jeringa graduada.