Whole genome sequencing and characterization of Corynebacterium isolated from the healthy and dry eye ocular surface

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to characterize Corynebacterium isolated from the ocular surface of dry eye disease patients and healthy controls. We aimed to investigate the pathogenic potential of these isolates in relation to ocular surface health. To this end, we performed whole genome sequencing in combination with biochemical, enzymatic, and antibiotic susceptibility tests. In addition, we employed deferred growth inhibition assays to examine how Corynebacterium isolates may impact the growth of potentially competing microorganisms including the ocular pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as other Corynebacterium present on the eye. Results The 23 isolates were found to belong to 8 different species of Corynebacterium with genomes ranging from 2.12 mega base pairs in a novel Corynebacterium sp. to 2.65 mega base pairs in C. bovis. Whole genome sequencing revealed the presence of a range of antimicrobial targets present in all isolates. Pangenome analysis showed the presence of 516 core genes and that the pangenome is open. Phenotypic characterization showed variously urease, lipase, mucinase, protease and DNase activity in some isolates. Attention was particularly drawn to a potentially new or novel Corynebacterium species which had the smallest genome, and which produced a range of hydrolytic enzymes. Strikingly the isolate inhibited in vitro the growth of a range of possible pathogenic bacteria as well as other Corynebacterium isolates. The majority of Corynebacterium species included in this study did not seem to possess canonical pathogenic activity. Conclusions This study is the first reported genomic and biochemical characterization of ocular Corynebacterium. A number of potential virulence factors were identified which may have direct relevance for ocular health and contribute to the finding of our previous report on the ocular microbiome, where it was shown that DNA libraries were often dominated by members of this genus. Particularly interesting in this regard was the observation that some Corynebacterium, particularly new or novel Corynebacterium sp. can inhibit the growth of other ocular Corynebacterium as well as known pathogens of the eye.