Validating Flow Cytometry as a Method for Quantifying Bdellovibrio Predatory Bacteria and Its Prey for Microbial Ecology

ABSTRACT Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory, Gram-negative bacteria that feeds on many pathogenic bacteria and has been investigated as a possible solution for mitigating biofilms in different fields. The application depends on more fundamental ecological studies into the dynamics between Bdellovibrio and their prey. To do so requires an accurate, reliable, and, preferably rapid, way of enumerating the cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) is potentially a rapid, accurate, and inexpensive tool for this, but it has yet to be validated in the enumeration of Bdellovibrio. In this study, we developed a protocol to measure the number of Bdellovibrio in samples of various densities using FCM and compared the results with those of other methods: optical density (OD), PFU assay (PFU), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). We observed a strong correlation between values obtained using FCM and PFU (ρ = 0.923) and FCM and qPCR (ρ = 0.987). Compared to optical density there was a much weaker correlation (ρ = 0.784), which was to be expected given the well-documented uncertainty in converting optical density (OD) to cell numbers. The FCM protocol was further validated by demonstrating its ability to distinguish and count mixed populations of Bdellovibrio and the prey Pseudomonas. Thus, the accuracy of FCM as well as its speed and reproducibility make it a suitable alternative for measuring Bdellovibrio cell numbers, especially where many samples are required to capture the dynamics of predator-prey interactions. IMPORTANCE The rise of antibiotic resistance and the unwanted growth of bacteria is a universally growing problem. Predatory bacteria can be used as a biological alternative to antibiotics because they grow by feeding on other bacteria. To apply this effectively requires further study and a deeper understanding of the forces that drive a prey population to elimination. Initially, such studies require more reliable methods to count these cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) is potentially a rapid, accurate, and inexpensive tool for this, but it has yet to be validated for predatory bacteria. This study develops a protocol to count the predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and its Pseudomonas prey using FCM and compare the results with those of other methods, demonstrating its ability for studies into B. bacteriovorus predation dynamics. This could lead to the use of B. bacteriovorus for killing bacterial biofilms in fields, such as drinking water and agriculture.