The Effect of Stress Hormones, Ultraviolet C, and Stilbene Precursors on Expression of Calcineurin B-like Protein (<i>CBL</i>) and CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase (<i>CIPK</i>) Genes in Cell Cultures and Leaves of <i>Vitis amurensis</i> Rupr

Calcium serves as a crucial messenger in plant stress adaptation and developmental processes. Plants encode several multigene families of calcium sensor proteins with diverse functions in plant growth and stress responses. Several studies indicated that some calcium sensors may be involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite production in plant cells. The present study aimed to investigate expression of calcineurin B-like proteins (<i>CBL</i>) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (<i>CIPK</i>) in response to conditions inducting biosynthesis of stilbenes in grapevine. We investigated <i>CBL</i> and <i>CIPK</i> gene expression in wild-growing grapevine <i>Vitis amurensis</i> Rupr., known as a rich stilbene source, in response to the application of stilbene biosynthesis-inducing conditions, including application of stress hormones (salicylic acid or SA, methyl jasmonate or MeJA), phenolic precursors (<i>p</i>-coumaric acids or CA), and ultraviolet irradiation (UV-C). The influence of these effectors on the levels of 13 <i>VaCBL</i> and 27 <i>VaCIPK</i> mRNA transcripts as well as on stilbene production was analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in the leaves and cell cultures of <i>V. amurensis</i>. The data revealed that <i>VaCBL4-1</i> expression considerably increased after UV-C treatment in both grapevine cell cultures and leaves. The expression of <i>VaCIPK31</i>, <i>41-1</i>, and <i>41-2</i> also increased, but this increase was mostly detected in cell cultures of <i>V. amurensis</i>. At the same time, expression of most <i>VaCBL</i> and <i>VaCIPK</i> genes was markedly down-regulated both in leaves and cell cultures of <i>V. amurensis</i>, which may indicate that the <i>CBLs</i> and <i>CIPKs</i> are involved in negative regulation of stilbene accumulation (<i>VaCBL8</i>, <i>10a-2</i>, <i>10a-4</i>, <i>11</i>, <i>12</i>, <i>VaCIPK3</i>, <i>9-1</i>, <i>9-2</i>, <i>12</i>, <i>21-1</i>, <i>21-2</i>, <i>33</i>, <i>34</i>, <i>35</i>, <i>36</i>, <i>37</i>, <i>39</i>, <i>40</i>, <i>41-3</i>, <i>41-4</i>). The results obtained provide new information of CBL and CIPK implication in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism in response to stress hormones, metabolite precursors, and UV-C irradiation.