Muscle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Molecular Pathways Related to Oxidative Phosphorylation, Antioxidant Defense, Fatness and Growth in Mangalitsa and Moravka Pigs

This work was aimed at evaluating loin transcriptome and metabolic pathway differences between the two main Serbian local pig breeds with divergent characteristics regarding muscle growth and fatness, as well as exploring nutrigenomic effects of tannin supplementation in Mangalitsa (MA) pigs. The study comprised 24 Mangalitsa and 10 Moravka (MO) males, which were kept under identical management conditions. Mangalitsa animals were divided in two nutritional groups (n = 12) receiving a standard (control) or tannin–supplemented diet (1.5%; MAT). Moravka pigs were fed the standard mixture. All animals were slaughtered at a similar age; 120 kg of average live weight (LW) and loin tissue was used for RNA-seq analysis. Results showed 306 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) according to breed, enriched in genes involved in growth, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism and muscle development, such as <i>PDK4</i>, <i>FABP4</i>, <i>MYOD1</i> and <i>STAT3</i>, as well as a relevant number of genes involved in mitochondrial respiratory activity (<i>MT-NDs</i>, <i>NDUFAs</i> among others). Oxidative phosphorylation was the most significantly affected pathway, activated in Mangalitsa muscle, revealing the basis of a different muscle metabolism. Also, many other relevant pathways were affected by breed and involved in oxidative stress response, fat accumulation and development of skeletal muscle. Results also allowed the identification of potential regulators and causal networks such as those controlled by <i>FLCN</i>, <i>PPARGC1A</i> or <i>PRKAB1</i> with relevant regulatory roles on DEGs involved in mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, or <i>IL3</i> and <i>TRAF2</i> potentially controlling DEGs involved in muscle development. The Tannin effect on transcriptome was small, with only 23 DEGs, but included interesting ones involved in lipid deposition such as <i>PPARGC1B</i>. The results indicate a significant effect of the breed on muscle tissue gene expression, affecting relevant biological pathways and allowing the identification of strong regulatory candidate genes to underlie the gene expression and phenotypic differences between the compared groups.