Environmental reviews and environmental management systems: Methodologies and organisational impacts

This thesis considers the methodologies and organisational impacts of Environmental Reviews and Environmental Management Systems in Local Authorities, Universities and Conservation organisations. It assesses the practical impacts of these tools, identifies elements of good practice and discusses the organisational and political factors which affect the success of environmental management activity in these organisations. Chapter 1 describes the growth of global, European and national policy initiatives aimed at minimising environmental degradation and delivering sustainable development and the subsequent development of environmental strategies and environmental management tools in organisations. Chapter 2 discusses environmental management activity in Local Government in the context of Local Agenda 21, using the results of a survey of environmental management techniques in local authorities and a case study of Lancashire County Council. These findings are discussed in the context of changes to local government organisation in the UK and in relation to local government management theory. Chapter 3 considers environmental management activity in Universities in the context of institutional performance using the results of a survey of approaches to environmental management in Universities and a case study of environmental management in the University of Central Lancashire. These findings are then considered in relation to changes in the orgamsation of the Higher Education Sector in the UK and in the context of university management theory. Chapter 4 considers the use of environmental management techniques in the Conservation sector in the context of Local Agenda 21, using a survey of conservation organisations and a case study of The National Trust's environmental management strategy. These findings are then discussed with regard to changes occurring in the management and funding of NGOs and quangos in the UK. Based upon the research findings, a number of recommendations are made for successful organisational environmental management strategies and the long term application of these techniques within each of these sectors. These findings are then drawn together in Chapter 5 to identify common methodological, organisational and political factors which affect the success of organisational environmental management strategies and to discuss their potential contribution to sustainable development. An alternative approach to TQM based environmental management is offered for organisations, based upon the elements of good practice identified in the non-profit sector, which include conscensus building, wide participation, and democratic decision making. Within the organisation, this approach closely resembles the Local Agenda 21 process used by local government to consult and empower local communities in sustainable development.