<i>Gynoxys hallii</i> Hieron., <i>Gynoxys calyculisolvens</i> Hieron., and <i>Gynoxys azuayensis</i> Cuatrec. Essential Oils—Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses of Three Unprecedented Volatile Fractions from the Ecuadorian Biodiversity
2025
Yessenia E. Maldonado | María del Carmen Rodríguez | María Emilia Bustamante | Stefanny Cuenca | Omar Malagón | Nixon Cumbicus | Gianluca Gilardoni
The present study is the first report on the chemical and enantiomeric compositions of essential oils from the Ecuadorian species <i>Gynoxys hallii</i> Hieron., <i>Gynoxys calyculisolvens</i> Hieron., and <i>Gynoxys azuayensis</i> Cuatrec. All the volatile fractions presented a sesquiterpene-based chemical profile, typical of other volatile fractions from this genus. Both qualitative (GC-MS) and quantitative (GC-FID) chemical analyses were carried out on two stationary phases of different polarity (non-polar and polar). The main constituents of <i>G. hallii</i> essential oil on the two columns, respectively, were α-pinene (33.6–31.5%), (<i>E</i>)-β-caryophyllene (6.2–6.4%), germacrene D (35.7–38.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.8–4.0%). In <i>G. calyculisolvens</i>, the major compounds were α-pinene (11.2–11.0%), <i>p</i>-cymene (4.0–3.7%), α-copaene (3.6–3.7%), (<i>E</i>)-β-caryophyllene (8.1–8.3%), germacrene D (20.8–22.0%), and germacrene D-4-ol (8.4–8.6%). Finally, the main components of <i>G. azuayensis</i> were α-pinene (4.5–4.1%), germacrene D (14.1–12.4%), bicyclogermacrene (2.6–3.0%), tridecanal (6.4–6.2%), and spathulenol (7.8–7.1%). Furthermore, enantioselective analyses were conducted on the three volatile fractions, using two stationary phases based on β-cyclodextrins. As a result, twelve chiral components were investigated, detecting both enantiomerically pure compounds and scalemic mixtures with various enantiomeric excess.
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