On the mechanism of resistance of parasitic nematodes to anthelmintic drugs (brief review)

The purpose of the research is to analyze the literature devoted to the study of one of the factors in the development of resistance of parasitic nematodes to anthelmintic drugs which has a genetic basis.The article analyzes the role of genetic mutations identified in populations of parasitic nematodes in vertebrates that do not show sensitivity to benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones and acetylcholinergic agonists and antagonists. The literature shows that benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes, by the example of the nematode Haemonchus contortus, is associated with mutations in the β-tubulin encoding isotype 1 gene gru-1, which is a target for benzimidazoles in the body of nematodes. For the nematode resistance to macrocyclic lactones which are glutamate receptor agonists, it was shown by the example of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that mutations of three glc-1, avr-14, and avr-15 genes that encode the α-type subunits of glutamate-gated chloride channels of receptors give rise to the development of nematode resistance to macrocyclic lactone ivermectin. Parasitic nematode resistance to cholinergic anthelmintics (levamisole, pyrantel, oxantel), by the example of the nematode Ascaris suum, is associated with mutations in the Asu-UNC-29 and Asu-UNC-38 subunit-encoding genes which form three types of nicotinic acetylcholine nematode receptors, N, L and B. The significance of nematicide resistance as a phenomenon in plant parasitic nematodes has not yet been fully resolved. The phytonematode ecology and biology allow them to survive unfavorable conditions of existence. There are few studies evidencing the probability of detecting resistance in phytoparasitic nematodes to chemical means of protection. Studies are actively conducted to search genetic markers of resistance to various nematicides on the model free-living nematode C. elegans, which will allow us to create new nematicides against both zooparasitic and phytonematodes.