Monitoring and detection of genetically modified soybean in animal feed using real-time PCR (2019-2024)
2025
Pandžić Katarina | Steiner Zvonimir | Radović Čedomir | Duka Ksenija | Gantner Vesna
The detection and monitoring of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in animal feed is becoming increasingly important due to legal requirements related to labeling and control of authorization for placing GM products on the EU market. This study focuses on the presence and diversity of GM sequences in soybean meal samples collected between 2019 and 2024. A total of 94 samples were analyzed using sensitive molecular methods, including qualitative and quantitative PCR (Real-time PCR), in accordance with validated international protocols. DNA extraction was carried out using the CTAB method, and GM sequences were detected using specific primers for the most common promoters, terminators, and transgenes, including P-35S, T-nos, GTS 40-3-2, and A5547-127. The analysis was further improved by the use of the GMO Matrix tool and reference materials for result validation. The results showed a clear trend of increasing numbers of analyzed samples and greater diversity of detected GM sequences during the observed period, especially in 2023 and 2024. Although the GTS 40-3-2 sequence remained the most frequently detected, more complex combinations of transgenes such as Cry1Ab/Ac and CTP2-CP4-EPSPS, along with Pat and Bar genes, were also identified. These findings indicate the presence of modified soybean lines MON87701, MON877051-7, DAS44406, DAS81419-2, and MON87708-9, pointing to a growing diversity of GM traits in animal feed. These results highlight the importance of continuous GMO monitoring in animal feed, as well as the necessity of maintaining high standards of analytical accuracy. Systematic testing contributes to the safety of the food chain, the protection of animal and human health, and sustainable food production.
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