Monitoring and Management of the Pine Processionary Moth in the North-Western Italian Alps

The pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schifferm&uuml:ller, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae), is considered one of the main insect defoliators of conifers in Southern Europe and North Africa. The species is oligophagous on pines and cedars in Mediterranean countries. This 6-year investigation (2014&ndash:2019), carried out in Aosta Valley (NW Italy), on Pinus sylvestris L. aimed to: (i) Monitor the PPM population with pheromone-baited funnel traps: (ii) assess the infestation index (0&ndash:5 classes) according to the degree of defoliation: and (iii) apply control strategies, namely Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) and mating disruption (MD). In total, 9618 ha were visually monitored and assigned an infestation index. The percentage of woodland stands that were strongly defoliated by PPM (infestation index &ge: 3) increased progressively between 2015 and 2016, affecting from 8% to 19% of the total area monitored: this area decreased to 16% and 13% in 2017 and 2018, respectively, followed by an abrupt decline to 4% in 2019. Both Btk applications and mating disruption significantly reduced the infestation. Where Btk was applied, the rate of larval mortality ranged from 79.47% to 98.43%: conversely, in the control plots, the larval mortality was, on average, 1.56%. The mean number of PPM males captured in traps was significantly lower in the plots where MD was performed, ranging from 8.36 &plusmn: 2.37 to 13.47 &plusmn: 4.68. The mean number of males captured in the control plots was, on average, 119.16 &plusmn: 12.68. The total number of nests recorded per tree was significantly lower in MD plots, ranging from 0.41 &plusmn: 0.05 to 0.94 &plusmn: 0.14. In the control plots, there were, on average, 4.37 &plusmn: 0.76 nests per tree. As already documented for several defoliating forestry insect pests, both Btk and mating disruption proved effective in controlling PPM infestations, and thus, microbial insecticides should be strongly encouraged and adopted by forest managers.