Evaluation of Different Brown Seaweeds as Feed and Feed Additives Regarding Rumen Fermentation and Methane Mitigation

This study investigated the impacts of different brown seaweed species&mdash:Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum fulvellum, Ecklonia maxima, Lessonia flavicans, Lessonia nigrescens, and Laminaria japonica&mdash:on rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) mitigation. The current in vitro batch culture study for 24 h at 39 &deg:C evaluated these species in two experimental designs: as feed additive and as feed. The control group for both experimental designs was composed of 500 mg of basal diet (50% grass hay/50% concentrate). For the feed additives experimental design, each seaweed species was evaluated when it was added at 20% of the basal diet, while as a feed, the inclusion level of each species was 20% to partially replace the concentrate in the basal diet as follows (50% hay/30% concentrate/20% seaweed). Chemical analyses showed that the seaweeds were characterized by a high fiber content and high amounts of minerals such as calcium, potassium, and phosphorus, while the protein content ranged within 7 and 13%. When they were applied as feed additives, they increased the production of volatile fatty acids, with L. japonica being the most effective: however, they failed to suppress CH4 production. In contrast, their inclusion as a feed in the basal diet led to a significant reduction (p &lt: 0.05) in CH4, especially for E. maxima and L. japonica, by up to 18 and 21%, respectively, but this was associated with general inhibition of the rumen fermentation. Therefore, the tested seaweeds could be used as a source of minerals and as a feed additive to improve rumen fermentation, but without anti-methanogenic potential. Meanwhile, their inclusion as feed at 20% could reduce CH4 production with an adverse effect on fermentation. Thus, further trials are needed to identify the appropriate inclusion level to achieve effective CH4 reduction without any detrimental effects on rumen fermentation.