The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Interrelationships Among Mental Health, Nutritional Status and Lifestyle Factors of Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Pre- and Post-Covid Periods

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to detrimental effects on diverse aspects of the mental and physical health of the general population worldwide. The elderly are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection compared to younger age groups. In this aspect, the purpose of the current survey is to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the interrelationships among the sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, depressive behavior, quality of life, cognition status, physical activity and nutritional status of older adults. Methods: The present study constitutes a comparative, cross-sectional study of 4162 older adults (mean age &plusmn: standard deviation: 72.13 &plusmn: 8.1 years and 75.22 &plusmn: 8.2 years in the pre- and post-COVID-19 periods, respectively, and a male/female ratio of almost 1:1). We used validated questionnaires to assess depression, cognition function, quality of life, physical activity and nutritional status of the elderly in the pre-Covid and post-Covid periods. Relevant questionnaires were also used for collecting sociodemographic data, while anthropometric data were measured using standard protocols. Results: The present study finds that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced, in an independent manner, residence location, smoking status, overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity, depressive behavior, quality of life, cognition behavior, physical activity levels and nutritional status of the elderly. The COVID-19 pandemic was also related to employment and living status as well as family economic status. Nevertheless, the above three relationships were insignificant in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic exerted deleterious effects on several aspects of the mental and physical health of the elderly, which appeared to strongly persist in the post-Covid period. Future prospective population-based and well-organized surveys should be conducted to establish whether there is a causality long-term effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on diverse aspects of the mental and physical health of the elderly.