A Newly Developed Approach for Analyzing the Degradation of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Different Salinity Levels
2025
Lai-Chuan Chang | Zhen-Hao Liao | Fan-Hua Nan
The report for the global presence of herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is presently limited in the marine environment, presumably due to a lack of analytical methods capable of detecting these compounds at low concentrations in high-salinity matrices. In the present study, we aimed to develop a time-saving and reliable method for the analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in different salinity levels of seawater. This novel method integrates a derivatization process with a solid-phase extraction cleanup step to mitigate salt-matrix effects during high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The present method was validated in environmental freshwater and seawater with the limit of quantitation of 2 and 0.5 ng/mL and coefficient of variation percentage of 0.63&ndash:3.15% and 0.59&ndash:3.07% for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The degradations of three concentrations of spiked glyphosate (10, 100, 1000 mg/L) were assessed under two treatment conditions: with and without sterilization and at three salinity levels (0, 17.5, 35&permil:) over a period of 112 days. The results show that glyphosate degradation is significantly higher in non-sterilized water compared to sterilized conditions, indicating that microbial activity is the primary driver of degradation. Furthermore, brackish water appears to provide a more favorable environment for the microbial biodegradation of glyphosate.
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