Phylogenomic insights into Adenophora and its allies (Campanulaceae): Revisiting generic delimitation and hybridization dynamics
2025
Xiao-Hua Lin | Si-Yu Xie | Dai-Kun Ma | Shuai Liao | Bin-Jie Ge | Shi-Liang Zhou | Liang Zhao | Chao Xu | De-Yuan Hong | Bin-Bin Liu
Hybridization and introgression have long obscured relationships within Adenophora and its relatives, complicating generic delimitation. Leveraging deep genome skimming (DGS) data, we generated a large dataset, including thousands of single-copy nuclear (SCN) genes and plastomes, to untangle this reticulate history. Specifically, 9.89 terabytes (TB) of DGS data from 165 samples—representing 48 species and 13 subspecies of Adenophora (out of ca. 72 species) plus 24 outgroup species—yielded 1506 SCN genes and 77 plastid coding sequences. Tree-like phylogenies inferred with both coalescent- and concatenation-based methods revealed pronounced gene tree heterogeneity. Subsequent analysis showed that incomplete lineage sorting contributed minimally to this discordance; instead, hybridization and introgression were the primary drivers of early diversification. Integrating phylogenomic, morphological, and geographic evidence, we propose a revised generic framework for this group. Adenophora is expanded to include Campanula delavayi and the Korean Peninsula endemic genus Hanabusaya. We also recommend reinstating Hyssaria as a distinct Central Asian genus and introducing two new genera, Boreoasia and Rosomala.
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