Non-destructive optical indices to estimate isoprenoids with nutritional value in packed rocket and spinach

The quantification of phytochemicals with nutritional benefits relies on accuracy yet time-consuming, expensive and destructive methodologies. In contrast, optical indices widely employed in disciplines such as ecology can serve as fast, low-cost, and non-destructive tools for tracking pigment changes. However, their potential application in postharvest phases and commercialization (i.e., supermarkets) remains underexplored. In this context, this work aimed to investigate the feasibility of using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the chlorophyll content index (CCI) and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to estimate phytochemicals of nutraceutical interest (chlorophylls, carotenoids and tocopherols). A fully factorial and randomized experimental design (combining different illumination, packaging, and collecting time) was conducted in two green leafy packaged vegetables (rocket and spinach). With this design that induced differences in physiological parameters a database with variable content of isoprenoids (carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocopherols) based on treatments was created. By establishing correlations and models between isoprenoids and optical indices, the NDVI was revealed as a valuable tool to estimate chlorophyll content in both species, while the PRI tracked both tocopherol and carotenoid (except for β-carotene) content. Taking this approach, estimation of the sum of total carotenoids and tocopherols was achieved using the PRI. This study confirms the possibility of extending the use of the NDVI and PRI to real-time nutritional monitoring in different stages of production and commercialization. A future application envisions integrating this technology into refrigerators for enhanced consumer access to nutritional information.

This work was supported by the he Basque Government , Spain [grant UPV/EHU-GV IT-1648\u201322 ] and by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 [project PID2020-113244\u202FGA-C22 ]. RGL, RE, JIGP, JMB are members of the Spanish Carotenoid Network (CaRed) funded by MCIN/AEI [grant RED2022-134577-T ]. RGL thanks the University of the Basque Country for the awarded grant \u201CAyudas para la recualificaci\u00F3n del sistema universitario espa\u00F1ol para 2022\u20132023\u201D (Next GenerationEU).