Relevance.Tomato hybrids of the "beef" type are a commodity group characterized by fruits whose mass exceeds 220-240 g. The fruits of this group are distinguished by an attractive aligned shape and color, large size and are in constant demand among consumers. In the assortment of supermarkets and markets, the share of "beef" tomatoes is 10-20% of the total volume. Methods.The results of studying the characteristics of tomato hybrids allowed us to identify the most valuable characteristics for selection in the selection of "beef" tomatoes. Traditionally, we select donor lines for the signs "fruit weight from 200 g and above", "high yield", "disease resistance". For hybrids of professional use, we also evaluate such characteristics as" fruit density", "high uniformity", "ability to form fruits with high uniformity and marketability throughout the growing season". For hybrids and varieties for the hobby market, the most important characteristics are "High taste qualities", "aroma", "high dry matter content". Results. As a result of selections based on these characteristics, such hybrids as Rumyani shar F1, Korallovy rif F1 (which are in demand not only in our country, but also in other countries), Katarina F1 were created.

Relevance. The study of the resistance of garden cultures to unfavorable abiotic factors of the winter period is a priority direction of scientific studies, because the low winter hardiness can annul advantages the varieties on other signs. Concerning in the middle zone of Russia, studies on the resistance of cherry to frost during the thaw period remain relevant.Methods. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of physiology of fruit plant resistance at VNI-ISPKin2017-2018. The object of research was the Turgenevka cherry variety on new clonal root-stock of the Institute breeding were studied. Control - Turgenevka on the Rubin stock. For artificial freezing in early December the material was prepared for III and IV components of frost hardiness.Results. As a result of artificial freezing, the Turgenevka cherry variety was characterized by frost resistance of vegetative buds and tissues of annual shoots during a three-day winter thaw of + 2°C with a decrease in temperature of -25°C (III component of frost resistance). Inthiscase, thehighest frost resistance of the generative buds of the Turgenevka variety on rootstock 74340, 82987 is shown. After a three-day thaw of +2°C and repeated hardening with a subsequent decrease in temperature to -30°C in March (IV frost resistance component), the Turgenevka variety on the rootstock 74332, 74363, 82987 was characterized by frost resistance of vegetative buds, bark and wood of annualshoots. Moreover, in the studied scion-rootstock combinations, low frost resistance of the generative kidneys was revealed. Only in the studied variety on the rootstock 82987 was the largest percentage of living flower primordia revealed. The conducted studies revealed the Turgenevka variety in a rootstock of 82987 with the greatest potential for frost resistance during the winter thaws.

Relevance. Common thyme or garden thyme Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae L.) is the medicinal and aromatic plant containing essential oil which is the source of thymol and other phenol derivatives. This species is characterized by significant morphological and chemical polymorphism. Thymus vulgaris L. has numerous varieties and subspecies which are complicates for the identification of raw materials and makes its quality unstable. The study of intraspecific variability, not only by phenotype but also by biochemical parameters, is an urgent task in the search for varieties and samples of Thýmus vulgáris L. that are promising for the medical industry.Materials and methods. The research material was obtained from botanical institutions and firms in Russia, the Czech Republic and Germany and introduced on the experimental field of Vegetable Growing Department of The Russian State Agricultural University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. Studies were conducted from 2014 to 2019. Sowing the seeds was carried out in the 3rd decade of March in cassettes in a winter greenhouse. Seedlings planted in the field at the end of MayField experiments were laid at the «Vegetable Experimental Station named V.I. Edelstein » in accordance with generally accepted methods of field experiments. A comprehensive comparative assessment of the studied samples was carried out according to a number of criteria, in accordance with the recommendations of the State Register of Selection Achievements and the matrix of the morphological description of plants of the Lamiaceae family developed at the Leibniz-Institut for Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK, Germany). Harvesting of raw materials and crop yield was carried out in the phase of mass flowering. Laboratory studies were carried out in the laboratories of the Vegetable Growing Department, Department of Botany, Selection and Seed Production of Garden Plants, Russian State Autonomous University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. The quantitative determination of essential oil was carried out according to the GF RF XIV. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel.Results. The possibility of growing samples of Thymus vulgaris L. of different geographical origin under the conditions of introduction in the Moscow region is shown. A comparative study of the main morphological characteristics of plant samples of Thymus vulgaris L. revealed significant variability in the form of inflorescence, leaf index, the presence or absence of pubescence, anthocyanin staining, torsion of the leaf, color of corollas and leaves, plant height, yield, quantitative content of essential oil and flavonoids. At the same time, the height of the plants was relatively stable every year and between varieties. According to a set of indicators, the most productive and stable samples was “Di Roma”, which is characterized by a high yield of aerial mass (104 g / plant), a consistently high content of essential oil (1.04-1.8%) with a predominant thymol component (39-80%), high flavonoid content (1,47-2,26%). Varieties "Medoc" and "Deutsche Winter", which at a lower yield are characterized by a high content of essential oil and flavonoids.

Relevance. The article presents the results of a study of the increase in the amount of reducing sugars in the inversion of sucrose due only to thermal effects during ultrasonic processing of vegetable and fruit monocomponent purees (with or without added sucrose). The relevance of the study is to identify the quantitative thermal component of a separate process in the total inversion of sucrose at the specified parameters of ultrasonic action on the product.Material and methods. to perform this task, experimental samples of carrot, pumpkin and Apple puree with the addition of sucrose in an amount of 5% (by weight) and without it were previously made, which were then subjected to heat treatment at the same temperature and time exposure (at a temperature of 50 °C for 30 minutes). To study the dependence of the degree of sucrose inversion on the component composition of the processed product, the mass fraction of reducing sugars – fructose and glucosewas determined in the manufactured experimental samples of natural fruit and vegetable purees (without added sucrose) and in mixtures of purees with sucrose (according to a given recipe) before and after heat treatment at the specified parameters, depending on the recipe composition and pH of the medium.Results. The obtained results of the study of the carbohydrate composition before and after thermal exposure show that the amount of reducing sugars in products subjected to heat treatment has significantly increased, compared to the initial content. Thus, in Apple puree with added sucrose, the mass fraction of fructose after heat treatment of the mixture increased by 197 mg per 100 g, i.e. by 3.8%, and glucose – by 192 mg per 100 g, i.e. by 6.7%. The total invert sugar content of the Apple mixture increased by 4.8 %. In the carrot mixture of puree with sugar, the content of total reducing sugars after thermal exposure increased by 5.4%. At the same time, in carrot natural puree, the increase in reducing sugars was only 3.6%, which is 1.5 times lower. In the pumpkin puree mixture with sugar, the total content of reducing sugars increased by 3.9%, and in the natural puree, the amount of invert sugars increased by only 2.7%, which is 1.4 times lower than puree with added sugar.

Relevance. In the difficult natural and climatic conditions of the Far Eastern region of the Russian Federation, there is a need for a comprehensive study of the source material to create modern competitive varieties with ontogenetic adaptation that can adapt to external conditions. The relevance of research is to mobilize the potato gene pool and study promising source material for potato breeding.Materials and methods. The goal of research is to identify sources of economically useful traits based on a comprehensive study of the source material to create high-yielding varieties of potatoes resistant to negative bio- and abiotic environmental factors. The object of research is domestic and foreign varieties of the collection nursery of potato of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Soybean. The studies were carried out in the natural and climatic conditions of the Amur region on meadow chernozem soil of the experimental field of FSBSI ARSRI of Soybean in 2015-2019 years in accordance with the methods generally accepted for potato culture.Results. Varieties Fermer, Yubilyar, Zhukovskiy ranniy, Krinitsa, Rodrigo, Natasha, Delphin and Zolskiy showed stable productivity by years of research and the variation coefficient of the trait was 10.8...18.1%. Stable high tuberous productivity of plantings over the years was identified in varieties Zolskiy, Rodrigo and Natasha – 27.0-28.8 t/ha, its variation coefficient was from 15.4 to 18.1%. Varieties Delphin, Impala and Vulkan were characterized by high (over 98%) marketability of tubers. The use of the specified collection samples as parent forms when crossing in various hybrid combinations will make it possible to obtain highly productive offspring for further use in potato breeding.

Relevance. Unfortunately, there are no intensive pear plantations in the central regions of Russia due to the absence of intensive dwarf rootstocks. Therefore, the research aimed at obtaining winter-hardy rootstocks that provides early industrial fruiting of gardens, limits plant growth and gives a quick return on investment, is very important and can be applied in many different ways.Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the laboratory of selection and variety study of pears and non-traditional pome crops of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (FSBSI VNIISPK). The object of the research was the common quince selected by FSBSI VNIISPK. In 2008-2010 and 2012-2014 we studied the economic and biological characteristics of the common quince as clonal pear rootstocks when propagated by green cuttings.Results. The research results show high winter hardiness of the common quince plants in Oryol region, as well as their high regenerative capacity in case of damage caused by adverse winter conditions. It was determined that some types of common quince can be reproduced by green cuttings and provide a high yield of uniform planting material. The common quince has a high seed productivity that allows to get seedling rootstocks of high quality. Some pear cultivars demonstrate a good compatibility with the common quince, moderate growth and high early maturity in comparison with the pear rootstock; there are also preliminary data on compatibility of 11 pear cultivars in a nursery, and 4 cultivars that are incompatible with the common quince.

Relevance. A possible scenario of state self-isolation during an emergency actualizes interest in the study of foreign trade turnover of food calories as a factor of national security.Methods. The article considers issues of caloric value of export and import of the Russian food market for period 1998-2017.Results. The study was based on some hypothesis that the calorie content of exported grain was higher than a import of low-calorie foods like vegetables, fruits, and dairy products. The testing this hypothesis showed a sixfold excess of food calorie content of export over import and h a seven-fold cheapness of exported calories over imported ones. It was revealed that exports was represented by plant calories (grain), and import was represented by animal calories (dairy products). It was proposed to freeze the export of plant calories into emergency period and redirecting to development of domestic animal calories.

Relevance. One of the main problems in cycovalry is getting friendly, aligned shoots with a given density of standing plants. In chicory agrotechnology, special attention should be paid to the high quality of seeding in order to ensure the rapid germination of seeds, their high germination and the early appearance of friendly, strong and aligned shoots. An important technique to achieve this goal is pre-seed preparation: etching from various pathogens, treatment of growth stimulants, etc. In the practice of growing many crops, seed dorins are used, and the shell includes the necessary substances.Materials and methods. Thus, for chicory seed pelleting we used the following drugs: Maxim – a productor, acting on various types of pathogenic fungi, as a growth stimulant - biological fertilizer Isabion, and for the best seed germination – Agrogel, which strongly swells and delays the water needed for sprouts. The article presents the results of threeyear studies conducted at the Rostov Vegetable Experimental Station on Chicory, in which seeds were laid out by hand.Results. At the same time, the laboratory and field germination of chicory seeds increases by 8.6% and 10.8%, respectively. Thanks to the seed pelleting, the technological properties of seeds are improved, looseness is acquired, which facilitates their use in the seedlings of accurate seeding. The task of the research was to determine the optimal number of seeds pelleting in the nest and the distance between plants and therefore the rate of seeding for yield and quality of harvest. The best yields are obtained in the variant with the layout of the draped seeds of three jelly beans with a step of 10 cm – 25.6 t/ha at a marketability of 90.6%.

Relevance. One of the main components of the spectrum of sunlight is ultraviolet rays – invisible to the human eye short-wave radiation. The influence of these rays on plant life was considered insignificant until recently, but recent studies have shown the fallacy of such conclusions. Ultraviolet has a beneficial effect not only on the human body and animals, but also on plants, including – crops. The destruction of the ozone layer is currently continuing under the influence of anthropogenic factors. In this regard, the study of the effect of ultraviolet radiation on living organisms, including plants, is very relevant from both theoretical and practical points of view. The epidermis of plant leaves and seed shells are permeable to medium-and long-wave UV radiation, so of particular interest is the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun and artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation in the range of 400...180 nm.Purpose of work: to assess the nature of the impact of ultraviolet radiation in the time mode on watermelon seeds using cytogenetic analysis.Methods. The material for research was the seeds of the watermelon variety "Astrakhan". The studies were conducted in 2017-2018.Results. The results of studies have shown that long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation can affect the physiological processes and anatomical structure of plants, as well as have serious genetic changes: aneuploidy, cytotomy, pyknosis and various chromosomal aberrations that lead to mutations or death of plants. However, plants acquire useful mutations with short-term exposure-0.5-2 hours, which can be used later in selection.

Relevance. Potato ladybug is a polyphagous pest. Its distributed throughout the Far East, in India, Korea, Japan and the countries of South America. Most affected by it are potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, zucchini, peppers, cucumbers, pumpkin, melon, beans. Leaving the veins intact pest eats the soft tissue of the leaf. Such leaves die quickly. Potato ladybug is a carrier of some diseases of potato and it also causes damage to plants. But insecticides pollute products and sustainable insect populations. The use of varieties with high resistance to pest damage eliminates the need for mass application of insecticides.Methods. The data on a preliminary assessment of potato varieties of domestic and foreign selection for resistance to a twenty-eight-point potato ladybug Henosepilachna vigintiomaculata Motch. (Fabricius, 1775) in the Primorye Territory. This work aim work was a preliminary assessment of the traditional potato breeding resistance factors to pest damage. The experiment out using generally accepted methods for the study and evaluation of potato varieties for pests with minor modifications was carried.Results. As a study result it was found that Belmonda, Labella, Red Lady, Queen Anna, Lilly, Sante varieties were the least suitable for passing the stages of ontogenesis and nutritional nutrition of the pest. The most tolerant to the pest – varieties Smak, Casachok, Yantar. The maximum mortality of potato ladybug larvae was observed in varieties Belmonda, Dachny, Augustin, Yubilyar, Labella, Sante, Koroleva Anna, Laperla in laboratory experiment. Minimum on varieties Smak, Casachok, Yantar, Red Lady. The data indicate the manifestation of an antibiotic barrier in potatoes, which must be confirmed by a field experiment.