Total number of forty testes from twenty Sudani camels (Camelus dromedarius) were used in the present study (>5-10 years old and 500-600 kg body weight). The experimental work was executed to define the effect of green laser irradiation with short-wavelength 532 nm and continuous wave from a diode laser light with a total output power of 3 mW on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality at different exposure times of 0 (control, non-irradiated), 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min. Following irradiation, the percentages of motile spermatozoa, storagability, viability, and acrosomal damage were assessed of the epididymal camel spermatozoa stored at 5°C for 4 days. Epididymal spermatozoa was diluted with lactose-yolk-citrate (LYC) extender. The obtained results showed that the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 6 min of laser irradiation and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with the control group. Otherwise, the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 10 min and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with 2 min. The advancement of storage time at 5°C decreased (P<0.05) the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa, while increased (P<0.05) the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa during storage at 5°C for 4 days. Consequently, enhancing the artificial insemination program can be achieved using the laser irradiation which is considered a cost-effective technique for improving semen quality. The profitable effects of laser irradiation on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality raised the motile spermatozoa, storagability, livability, acrosomal integrity which consider an indicator to improve mitochondrial function which extends the survival of spermatozoa

Six bread wheat genotypes and their 15 F1 crosses were evaluated under two nitrogen fertilization levels (40 and 80 kg N/fed) to estimate combining ability for days to heading, plant height, spike length, number of spikes/plant, kernels number/spike, weight of 100-kernels and grain yield/plant during 2018/19 season. Results revealed that significant nitrogen levels (N) mean squares were detected for all studied characters. Mean squares due to genotypes (G), parents and crosses for the studied characters were significant at both nitrogen levels and their combined analyses. Also, G x N interaction was highly significant for the studied characters. The general and specific combining ability variances were found to be significant for all studied characters at both-N-levels and their combined analyses. GCA/SCA ratios were less than unity for all studied characters at both N-levels and their combined data. The behavior of gene action varied from nitrogen level to another where the interactions of GCA and SCA with nitrogen levels were significant for most studied characters. Sakha 93 was identified as the most useful source for increasing favorable alleles for grain yield/plant, kernels number/spike and weight of 100-kernels under N-stress conditions, while Giza 168 was the best combiner for earliness at the two N levels. Cross combinations; Sakha 93 x Sids 12 and Sakha 93 x Misr 1 gave the best SCA effects for grain yield/plant under N-stress conditions. Significant positive correlations were detected between means of parents and F1 crosses with their GCA and SCA effects for most studied characters under the two nitrogen levels, respectively

The present study was undertaken to test the effect of heat stress (39 °C) for 4 hours on Hsp70 mRNA profiling in two chicken genotypes. Expression levels of hsp70 were used to assess the heat tolerance of two Egyptian local genotypes (Fayoumi and Matrouh). The expression level of the hsp70 gene is high in the Fayoumi type as opposed to the Matrouh type. In blood, after four hours of exposure, the hsp70 mRNA expression analysis revealed higher expression levels. These results showed that the acquired thermotolerance is positively linked to the stress memory. Within the two genotypes, Fayoumi type exhibited the highest means for hsp70 production, and therefore the heat stress is better tolerated, which indicates that Fayoumi mortality rate might be lower genetically under heat stress

Potato occupies a distinguished position in the Egyptian agricultural economy, whether in terms of its contribution to agricultural income or in terms of cultivated area, in addition to being one of the important food crops in the Egyptian dietary pattern in addition to being one of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports. The research aims to measure the effect of price policies on the most important economic variables of the potato crop by identifying both the productive and economic indicators of the potato crop in Egypt. The extent of deviation of the price that producers get from the real price that they must obtain. The efficiency of using agricultural resources for the potato crop. The effect of the price policy of potato crop on the product's well-being and consumer and government revenues. It was found from the results of the research that the average area cultivated with the potato crop amounted to about 317.74 thousand feddans. The feddan productivity the total production amounted to about 10.82 tons, 3477.12 thousand tons, respectively, and that the average total costs. Total income, net revenue per feddan, and farm price reached about 9554 53, 13704.05, 4149.58, and 1147.68 pounds respectively, and the ratio of total revenue to total costs. The profitability of the produced ton, and the profit of the invested pound amounted to about 1.53, 0.53 and 381.87 pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018), as it turned out that. The value of production inputs, the added value amounted to about 8097.89, 5606.16 pounds, and the average consumption. The amount of waste, and the surplus of the potato crop in Egypt amounted to about 2,297.89, 425.32 and 1179.22 thousand tons, respectively, and the rate of self-sufficiency of the potato crop in Egypt reached About 152.99%, the average per capita consumption of the potato crop in Egypt was about 28.51 kg / year, and the average quantity and value of exports and imports of potatoes amounted to about 418.02, 106.44 thousand tons, 145.63 and 76.47 million dollars per ton respectively, and the trade balance of potatoes reached about 7469 million Dollars during the period Previous reference to it. The nominal protection coefficient and rate and the partial equilibrium model were also estimated in order to study the effect of price policies on both the producer. The consumer, foreign trade and government revenue as a result of following a certain policy based on the indicators of welfare, efficiency and government revenue. About 0.62, 0.38, respectively, during the period (2000- 2018), as it was found that the average net economic loss. The net economic impact on society and the state, producer surplus, government revenue, and the change in foreign exchange amounted to about 247.176, 426.96, 904.352, 1309.882, 829.035 thousand pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018).

This paper aimed to examine the impact of climate change on wheat productivity in the five rains- fed districts: El-Negaila, Sidi Barrani, El-Daba'a, Marsa Matrouh, and EL-Alamain in the northern west coast of Egypt in which the cultivated wheat area represents about 41.4% of wheat area in Matrouh Governorate (1990-2019). The productivity is fluctuated between 1.167 to 13.38 Ardab/Fadden accompanied with the fluctuation in precipitation between 24.35 to 115.10 MM3/Season, and fluctuation of average difference between Max. Min. temperature from 8.07 to 7 ºC. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) technique was applied to investigate the relationship between wheat productivity and the independent variables (precipitation, temperature, cultivated area, labor and technology). OLS function showed that the model suffers from endogenity and heteroscedasticity. LLC and IPS statistics of panel unit root test proved that the included variables have unit root, i.e. they are non-stationary at level. Pedroni panel residual cointegration test confirmed the long run relationship between the first-order integrated variables [I (1)]. FMOLS function proved that natural climatic variables are the main determinants of wheat productivity, as a 1% increase in annual rainfall improves wheat productivity significantly by 3.3%, while temperature affects the wheat productivity negatively by 5.7%. The far west districts are the most affected by rainfall, as 1% increase of rainfall in EL-Negaila and Sidi- Barrani districts increase wheat productivity by 8.4%, 5.1% respectively. Results in all districts except EL-Negaila and Sidi Barrani showed the extent of labor intensification to enhance productivity, also all districts showed the importance of technical improvements. It is recommend adopting water policy as rain harvesting, building stone dykes and cisterns to provide: 355.5, 301.7, 287.9, 339.8, and 245.8 MM3/Fadden in El-Negaila, Sidi Barrani, EL-Daba'a, Marsa Matrouh, and EL-Alamain districts respectively to improve wheat yield to 12 Ardab/Fadden under drought climate of north coast

The study aimed to determine the level of knowledge of the surveyed farmers on the neg-ative effects of the use of chemical pesticides, and their sources of information in this field, and determine the significance of the relation-ship between the level of knowledge of the farmers with the negative effects of the use of pesticides and some independent studied vari-ables, and finally identify the problems that limit the safe use of chemical pesticides ,the data of this study were collected during July and August 2020 by means of a personal inter-view questionnaire for a regular random sam-ple of farmers in the villages of Qalyubia Gov-ernorate. It was determined using the Kreijce and Morgan equation, and its strength reached 377 farmers, The selected data were analyzed and presented using quantitative method, the arithmetic mean, Chi-square test, The most important results were the following :the level of the respondents' knowledge of the negative ef-fects of using chemical pesticides was high, with the percentage of their average knowledge scores reaching 82.9, It was found that the most important sources of information: pesticide merchants, personal experience, rel-atives, It was found that there is a significant relationship at the level of 0.01 between the level of the respondents' knowledge of the neg-ative effects of chemical pesticides and each of the following independent variables the re-spondent’s age, gender, educational status, profession, number of years of experience in farm work, social participation, Frequency of agricultural service centers, and the number of years of experience in using pesticides. It was also found that the most important problems in the research area are: the shortage of extension agents, the scarcity of extension activities, re-spectively, Based on the results of the study, six proposals were formulated in the form of recommendations to be submitted to decision-makers.

The research targeted the competitive-ness of strawberry crop exports, the geo-graphical distribution of strawberry exports to determine the most important imported markets, and the competitiveness of Egyptian strawberry exports in the most important foreign markets. About 85.7% of the average amount of Egyptian straw-berry exports during the period (2014-2019) the most important of these coun-tries are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Belgium, Germany and Iraq, where their market is absorbed 19.64, 7, 6.8, 6.2, 4.5, 1,000 tons, and about 27%, 9.6%, 9.4%, 9.1%, 6.3%, from the average total amount of Egyptian exports of strawberries during the study period is about 41.08 thousand tons. This means that Egypt's strawberry exports Have not enjoy a competitive advantage in the global markets, where the value of the competitive advantage index was about 6.82 million during the first period (2001-2009),and 6.83 during the second period (2010-2019).The market share index showed that the market of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Belgium Ranking the top of the list of Egyptian strawberry importers, with a market share of about 58.6%, 39.2% and 9.9% of the average total strawberry imports in those countries. The study found that Egyptian strawberries a competitive price advantage in both the Saudi market, the Belgian market and the German market compared to the most important countries competing for Egyptian strawberry exports within these Markets, the competitive advantage index of Egyptian strawberries achieved high rates in these markets compared to competing countries, explained the insta-bility factor of competition compared to the instability factor of the amount of strawberries exported to Egypt is that the average Netherlands, Spain, Italy and America are more stable, with the average instability rate in the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and America. 15.8%, 44.7%, 5.4%, 12%, show standard efficient imaging that its value was greater than zero in all years during the study period (2001-2009), the average value of about 10.2%.

Experiments were performed at a private garden in Al-Qaddbah, Al-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. The latitude and longitude of the experiment site are 30°56'37''N and 30°47'01'' E, respectively, and the altitude equals 30 m, at the 2019 season, the total landscape area (13.5m x 9m) was divided into 6 treatments each of an area (20.25 m2), three plots were operated using solar system while the other three plots were operated using electric system. The irrigation systems were similar, 4 multi-stream sprayers, (90◦) and the distance between the sprayers was (4.5*4.5 m), different operating times were applied on each plot, under local climatic and working conditions. All the plots were planted with turfgrass (Passpalm10). The obtained results show, at solar energy powered system, uniformity coefficient increased from (65% - 75%) at operating time (10 –30 min), then it decreased during operating time (40 - 60 min), while at electric energy powered system the averages of the uniformity coefficient were (76% - 80%), at operating time (10 –40 min), while at operating time (45 - 60 min) the uniformity coefficient decreased to (75%), due to the silt clogging in the sprayers' filters. The energy saving reached (63%) with solar energy operation rather than electric energy operation in the summer season. The least total cost was (351 L.E/m2/year) at the landscape area (A3 60.75m2), which was irrigated on 3 cycles per day to give the highest uniformity coefficient (75%). When operating the solar batteries at full charge 3 - 4 times for a plot area of (20.25 m2). The hydraulic power obtained was (17.86 –26.74 W), the sprayer radius was (5.3 –5.8 m), at an average pressure of (1.9 -2.5 bar) which gave the best uniformity coefficient. The turf quality index was higher using electric motor rather than solar motor.

This study was to evaluate the activity of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, pectin methyl esterase and protease as well as the proximate chemical composition and quality parameters of cactus pear and papaya which were dried by different methods and stored for 6 months. Our findings revealed that the highest moisture content was recorded in osmo – freeze drying of papaya and cactus pear. On the other hand, the browning index of oven dried papaya and cactus pear was higher than those dried with osmotic dehydration and osmo – freeze drying. The less activity of peroxidase was recorded in osmo – freeze drying of papaya and cactus pear. Also, the highest reduction of polyphe-noloxidase activity was noticed in osmo–freeze drying methods. While oven dried pa-paya recorded the highest activity of pectin methyl esterase pectin (0.34 %), complete in-activation was shown in other dried methods after 6 months of storage at 4 ±1℃. Different dried methods of papaya caused to reduce the activity of protease, moreover, complete inac-tivation was observed after 3 months from storage. The quality parameters for sensory evaluation of dried cactus pear and papaya demonstrated that osmo–freeze drying was more favorable to preserve samples followed by osmotic dehydration and oven drying.

The present study measured the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) in soils as well as vegetables (faba bean, cabbage, onion, garlic, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant, potato, okra and green bean) irrigated with wastewaterinthe western part of Giza governorate, Egypt.Human health risks to consumers of these vegetables were performed. The study revealed the considerable variations inmetal contents of water, soiland vegetables samples. Generally, wastewater of the study drains was not suitablefor irrigation purpose according to the bacteriological guidelines. Almost all the physicochemical parametersand heavy metals concentrationsof water and soil samples were compatible with the recommended permissible limits of irrigation and agricultural use, respectively. Vegetable species showed remarkable difference in metals concentrations of various plant portion, Zn showed highest tissue concentrations followed byCu. Heavy metalsconcentrationsindifferent edible portionsdecreased in a descending order as Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd with low translocation values (< 1) for studiedvegetablesexcept forfaba bean.The health risk index (RI) for humans was low if edible portionsfrom studied vegetables are consumed, in particular Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni whose concentration valueswere relatively higher than the health based guidelines values. Considering the probable health risk associated with the consumption of contaminatedvegetables, it is important toregularly monitor the levels of metals in wastewater, soils and vegetables in the studied area.