This study analyzed the determinants of household demand for food away from home (FAFH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Truncated generalized Poisson regression (TGPR) and truncated standard Poisson regression (TSPR) was applied to data from a random sample of 101 families. Maximum likelihood was used to obtain parameter estimates for these two models. TGPR was found to be optimal and appropriate for the analysis of demand data. Both income and number of household members had a significant positive effect, which is consistent with economic logic and reality in Saudi society. Price and taste also had positive effects on FAFH demand. Household income as an economic variable has a significant positive effect on the number of times that a household dines out during the month. When income increases by one thousand Saudi riyals, the demand will increase by 11%, which is consistent with economic logic. Household income as a quantitative economic variable and the number of household members as a quantitative demographic variable are the most important variables in household demand for FAFH. However, the effect of income is more significant than that of the number of household members. As this study investigated the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on food away from home (FAFH) demand in Riyadh such as household income, number of household members, education level, prices and cleanness of restaurant, and taste of food. Still there are other variables could be used as potential variables could affect FAFH demand in Saudi Arabia in future research such as the change in number of working women which there is shift in the number of female workers recently. The future studies could look at the differences in socio-economic between consumers for different types of restaurants such as traditional, fast food, fish, and luxury restaurants. Due to the high demand for restaurant meals, officials should tighten the health control and close restaurants that do not comply with health requirements as well security and safety requirements. Restaurants should pay attention to improving the quality of meals and offering them at affordable prices to consumers.

Currently, the international community focus on the problem of food security and nutrition to achieve the goals in the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Plan, in particular the second objective of sustainable development, which concern eradication  of hunger, saving food security and be improved nutrition, as well promotion of sustainable agriculture (The official website of the United Nations). The field study aims to provide an indication of the expected volume of demand for irradiated food in the Egyptian market and estimate degree of approval, due to measuring of consumer’s attitudes. The process of food irradiation gives a competitive advantage in the markets, through achievement of important role in preserving food and agricultural products, an addition protect them from spoilage. The felid Study was based on consumer demand for irradiated food in Cairo Governorate, as the largest governorate in terms of population intensity, representing about 10.06% of the total population of the Republic (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2017). A survey was conducted on consumers who frequented the hypermarket between two areas, one located in a high income area (1st Settlement) and the other located in a low income area (Shoubra). The results of the survey showed that the percentage of those who approved the purchase of irradiated food amounted to about 67%, while the percentage of those who undecided and rejected was estimated at about 12% 21% respectively. The highest percentage of  weighted average value was approved for the axis of the nutritional value of food and quality, which amounted to about 81.33%, while the approval rate for the axis of environmental specifications has reached 74.66% only. The results indicate that the factors affecting on consumers behavior for the purchase of irradiated food are not mainly due to the price specifications of the commodity but to the nutritional value and quality, health and marketing specifications. In addition, the results showed that relationship wasn’t statistically significant between the variables of the age group, gender, social status and all the axes of the irradiated food specification, but relationship was found statistically significant between the variable of the region (high income and low income) and the total specifications. The study suggests which explains the importance of directing marketing strategies appropriate to the consumer groups with a relatively low level of education and low incomes, because increasing the awareness of the benefits of radiation Processed of food, will increase the total economic benefit for them, it’s most important of maintain quality and safety of food for long shelf life. The results also showed the relative importance of information, that effect on demand for irradiated food in the Egyptian market, it’s considered high relatively where was estimated at 87%. Furthermore, the results explained an important role of the major media as television, which has most Watched by consumers by 69%, followed it the Internet by 29%. The dry foods may be provided when the commercial application and marketing of irradiated products in the Egyptian market would be started, This is due to agree with most consumer’s attitude, which selected by 62% of the study sample. Based on the above, the important role becomes clear of felid studies and marketing research in the Egyptian market, to identify the actual wants of consumer, which represented to obtain safe, healthy and high quality of food, how optimization using of food irradiation technology could be met consumer's demand on Specification of food products required in the Egyptian commercial markets. The study recommends of put a marketing strategy for irradiated food, which mainly dependent on providing specifications of these foods, such as nutritional value, quality, health and marketing specifications, which are important economic axes, it had highly compatible with the preference and consumer’s behavior  towards purchasing. This is one of the most important factors affecting on demand according to economic theory. This ensures the marketing process’s effectiveness for these foods before supplied to the market. In addition to achieve the expected economic returns at the national level by saved food security or at the individual level by satisfying the consumer's wants to obtain safe food with high quality and comparatively long shelf life.

Water is one of the most important inputs and elements of development, and the importance of water in Egypt is increasing due to the lack of resources and increased demand in recent periods, where rain is scarce and covers most of its deserts. The River Nile is the main water supplier in the Arab Republic of Egypt, where the share of the river about 55.5 billion cubic meters per year, and the problem is limited to the study of the current and future use of water, while Egypt suffers from the constant amount of water available to cover these uses, The high rates of Egyptian population growth, with Egypt's share of water remaining constant, and hence the problem of water shortage, is a threat to the national economy in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The aim of the  study is to use water for the time being and to work to increase the efficiency of water use in future years The study shows that the quantities of water used in irrigation for agricultural crops in Aswan fluctuated between the minimum and the decrease, ranging between a minimum of about 40.1 billion m3 in 2012 and a maximum of about 62.1 billion M3 in 2008 with an annual average of about 50.48 billion m3 during the same period. And the study of the equation of the general time trend for the quantities of water used for irrigating agricultural crops in Aswan and it shows that there is no mathematical picture suitable for the nature of the data and that the data revolve around the mean arithmetic.

The agricultural sector is the main pillar of the Egyptian economic structure, as it represents main source of food and clothing. In addition, it contributes to of the national income and Egypt faces a deficit in agricultural production, on the other hand consumption exceeds local production, and food is considered a vital necessity for people that cannot be dispensed. This research includes the statistical assessment of the macroeconomic econometric model of the variables of demand and supply of maize during the period (2005-2019), and the problem has become one of the most important problems threatening development in Egypt It has dangerous dimensions for the agricultural sector in particular and for the Egyptian economy in general, and that Egypt is still suffering from a food gap in most food commodities in a way that threatens Egyptian food security, as the equation of imports of corn shows that the volume of imports decreases by about 0.31%, 0.70% each An increase in the import price in dollars per ton, the average per capita production of the current year by 1%, meaning that the most influential variable in the volume of imports of corn in a particular year was the import price in dollars per ton, the average per capita production. It was also found that about 65% of the changes in imports of corn are due to the change in the independent variables under study, and that the average imports, production, and consumption of maize during the same period is 10.39, 6.67, 17.60 million tons, respectively, 15 % increase in the import price causes decreased in the quantity imported by 0.31%, The average of imports, production, and consumption of maize during the same period was 10.66, 7.70 and 17.80 million tons, respectively.