Dairy cattle in Sudan are traditionally fed on separate concentrate and roughage diets. Because of the high cost of forages, feeding strategies should be attempted to reduce feeding costs. A traditional dairy ration (As-fed), composed of 49% sorghum grains (SG), 29.4% groundnut seed cake (GSC), 19.6% wheat bran (WB), 1% limestone (LS) and 1% salt (NaCl), was used as a control. The test ration was a total mixed ration (TMR) composed of 40% SG, 23% groundnut seed hulls (GSH), 20% GSC, 15% WB, 1% LS and 1 % NaCl. The control traditional ration was fed at 10 Kg/cow/day together with 7 Kg sorghum chaff. Two levels of TMR were used with alfalfa hay (AH); (17 Kg TMR + 1 Kg   AH/cow/day and 15 Kg TMR + 2 Kg AH. Three cross-bred dairy cows (European x Local) were used with the feeding regimes in a 3x3 Latin square design.  Cows consumed similar amounts of DM, CP and ME and produced similar quantities of milk (P > 0.05).  TMR had no effects (P > 0.05) on the composition of milk. The cost for TMR was decreased by 19%.TMR was thus effective in reducing feeding costs without affecting milk production and composition.

Forty-eight lactating Holstein Friesian cows were utilized to assess impact of supplementing probiotic ZAD (mixture of live bacterial cells and enzymes) compared with T5X (antitoxins product) on some productive, reproductive and antitoxins activity parameters. we have divided the animals to three experimental categories (16 each). The first category, control treatment, was fed basal diet without any supplements. The second category, ZAD treatment, was fed basal diet supplemented with ZAD probiotic (1.1 L/ton). The third category, T5X treatment, was fed basal diet supplemented with T5X antitoxins product (1.1 Kg/ton). Milk yield was recorded. we have collected and analyzed milk samples, blood samples and feed samples in order to constitutes. Time-interval between calving and fertilizing artificial insemination and pregnancy rate were recorded. The gained outcomes demonstrated that milk yield was significantly raised by ZAD treatment than other treatment. Milk components yield were significantly raised by ZAD probiotic and T5X treatments than control. Blood serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, urea and total lipids were not significantly influenced by treatments. Total aflatoxins in concentrate mixture and aflatoxin M1 in milk were significantly diminished by ZAD and T5X than control. Number of days between calving and fertilized artificial insemination were diminished by treatments than control. Pregnancy rate was significantly raised by ZAD  probiotic than T5X and control treatments, respectively. The overall conclusion of this study illustrated that Probiotic ZAD, potentially, has antitoxins activity leading to reinforcing the productive and reproductive performance of lactating cows.

A total number of 120 nulliparous APRI and Baladi Black does (60 does for each breed) were mated at 5 months of age at the beginning of the breeding season (during September) to study the effect of re-mating interval after the first parturition on the litter parameters, milk yield per day and reproduction traits. All does were randomly divided into three equal groups according to reproductive rhythm: The 1st group: post partum (PP), the 2nd group: 11 days after parturition (P11), and the 3rd group: Post weaning (PW) .The body weight of P11 does were slightly higher than that of PP or PW groups. The re- mating interval groups during second parity had significant (P<0.05) effects on litter traits at weaning. Litter size and Litter weight at weaning age in PW group were higher significantly (P<0.05) than those in PP and P11 groups. Litter weight at 21 days of age in PW and P11 groups were higher significantly (P<0.05) than those in PP group. The PW group had significant higher litter size at weaning than those in PP group. Daily milk yield (DMY) after second parity was affected significantly by re-mating interval groups in the third and fourth week of suckling period. GL in PP group was higher significantly (P<0.05) comparing with P11 or PW groups. The values of litter size and weight traits were better for APRI does comparing with BB except litter weight at 21 days. The difference in results between the two breeds in daily milk yield showed generally higher trend of daily milk yield for APRI over BB. The Kindling interval and the gestation period were significantly (P<0.05) affected by interaction of re-mating interval group and breed. In conclusion, applying a lengthened period after the first kindling (by more than 10 days or after weaning) had a favorable effect on the does’ production.