This study was conducted to determine the present of Ochratoxin (A) (OTA) to the number of 50 samples of wheat grain from varieties of soft wheat (Tricticm astivum) and hard (T. durm), and its products from some Libyan Mills (from the north-west and south-east and north) by using a technique (IAC) immunoaffinity columns cleaning and HPLC-FD to detect, with an overall average rate of recovery of the samples of wheat and grain products and fungal isolates 86.59 ± 0.03% and 89.19 ± 0.01%, respectively. The results showed that 96% of the samples were positive for OTA, with the average concentration of OTA from different regions reached the highest concentration of 0.0928μg/kg for soft wheat. The average concentration of the OTA in the different areas that have been grain assembly resulted the highest concentration of 0.0918 μg kg-1 for soft wheat for the Western Region, followed by 0.0783 and 0.020 < μg kg-1 for the eastern and southern region respectively, while the average concentration of the OTA for hard wheat 0.0307 and 0.3316 μg kg-1 of eastern and western region respectively. However all the samples contain levels of OTA are below the limit recommended by Libyan Standards Specification and European Commission Regulation Standard. Results of statistical analysis also showed no significant differences of (P≤ 0.01) of the concentration of the for hard and soft types wheat between regions , and for soft wheat products between regions while there was significant differences between hard wheat products at level of (P≤ 0.01).  The results showed that the overall average for the moisture content of the samples by region ranged between 10.6, 11.10% for soft wheat for the southern region and western region respectively, 9.54 and 10.08% for hard wheat to the western and eastern region respectively. Results also showed that the overall average for the moisture content of soft wheat products (flour) between different regions was (13.03, 11.78, 8.58%) to the north-east, north-west and south-west respectively. Hard wheat products did not exceed 13.33, 10.76% for the southern- west and north-east reigions of semolina and pasta respectively, while was within the limit to the Codex Alimentarius Commission. the results of the statistical analysis and the presence of highly significant for moisture content between types of soft wheat and hard within regions and this also applies to soft wheat and hard products between the regions at the level of (P≤ 0.01).

Wheat is considered one of the main grain crop that human is depend in his diet all over the world. It is a strategic crop globally and locally in Egypt. The problem of the research refers to the gap between local wheat production and consumption. This gap forced the country to import wheat and thus represent a burden on the Egyptian balance of trade. It is the objective of the present paper is therefore to investigate ways to alleviate the deficit of wheat production and gap. The study assess wheat area, production and productivity during the period 1995-2013 particularly in the desert governorates. The study estimates wheat gap during the above period by about 67.14 million ton. Safe efficiency is therefore was put as 54.1%. Losses of wheat were put as about 1017 about 14.2% in the country as a whole.  The study estimates that wheat production in Matrooh and New Valley governorate is expected to be about 173.56 and 277.8 thousand ton respectively. The study suggests that measures should be taken to decrease losses of wheat during harvesting and marketing. New storage facilities should be established. The study recommends that special concern should be given to wheat cultivation in desert governorate by encouraging former to grow wheat by covering good wheat price to encourage formers

This research aimed to study the economical impacts of using different types of irrigation water to produce wheat crop, through economic analysis of crop production and its costs, in order to maximize the income of each unit of water. The sample of study was choosed from wheat farmers in El.Sharkia Governorate. The results indicated that the productivity of one feddan irrigated with fresh water and groundwater was 18.09 and 18.08 ardab/fed respectively. It was 17.72 and 17.11 ardab/fed. for land irrigated with mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan irrigated with fresh water consumed 2672 m3 compared with 2922, 2841 and 3263 m3 for groundwater, mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan of wheat irrigated with groundwater gave the high- est return of income changed costs that was 1.233 pounds. The farmers in the study sample used quantities of irrigation water greater than the amount that achieve efficiency in the case of irrigation with groundwater rate of 6.23%, while the farmers in the stud[1]y sample used quantities less than the amounts that achieve efficiency by 1.27%, 10.9%, 7.9% for wheat irrigated with fresh water, mixed water and drainage water, respectively. The research recommended using these different qualities of water in irrigation, but in the context of a set of parameters with not of focusing on the use of agricultural drainage water directly due to the Low productivity per feddan and the low average of water unit production and the share of water unit of the net return, certain attention should be paid to mixing drainage water with Nile water, and also to treating drainage water before mixing with fresh water of River Nile.

The study aims at researching the possibility of vertical expansion of wheat crop by increasing the total production of the crop from the same cultivated area by re-distributing the area of crop in different zones of the Republic according to its productivity and show the importance of feddan productivity in increasing total production of this crop.  The study showed that the increase in feddan productivity has an effect in increasing the total production, but its impact in increasing feddan revenue and the value of crop production was weak. It has been shown there is a possibility to increase the total production of wheat crop   by maximizing the economic efficiency of productive resources used in cultivating the crop about 2.09 % of the increase in the total production. The increase in the production of the crop estimated by 1118 thousand ardabs that valued at 99 million LE and save about 53 million cubic meters of irrigation water despite the stability of the cultivated area of wheat crop all over the Republic.  The study recommends reconsideration of the current area of wheat crop by expanding the areas of wheat crop in the governorates or the regions characterized by high productivity to achieve the economic efficiency in the use of the production agricultural resources dedicated for wheat planting, so that they can provide areas for wheat in low productive regions to other crops of high productivity in these regions and then relatively reduce wheat gap in Egypt.

Two field experiments were carried out to evaluate six mutant lines having a good agronomic potential comparing with their original varieties Sids5, Sids6 and Sids7. The results showed signif-icant decrease in plant height for all semidwarf mutant lines. The reduction of plant height reached to 19.83% comparing with the original varieties. Some semidwarf mutant lines (line 5-1, line 6-1 and line 7-1) exhibited highly significant values for spike length, number of spikes/plant and grain yield/plant as compared to their original varieties. The original varieties manifested highly significant values for number of grains/spike as compared to their all semidwarf mutant lines. The results indicated that wheat semidwarf mutants of line 5-1, line 6-1 and line 7-1 are promising mu-tant lines, since they gave high grain yield. All studied genotypes were electrophoreticaly ana-lyzed for grain water-soluble proteins. The dis-crimination of such mutant lines and their parental varieties revealed differences in their banding pat-terns and occurrence of genetic variation between such genotypes. The electrophoretic analyses of proteins revealed some newly induced bands such as bands with molecular weights of 114.04, 87.82, 41.55 and 11.90 kDa. Such newly bands, which were not existed in the unirradiated varieties, may be originated from gamma radiation effects. It is expected that gamma rays modified the structure of some genes in the mutant lines, and these modi-fications appeared as absence of protein bands with molecular weights of 72.60 kDa in sids5 and 24.39 kDa in Sids6. The variety Sids7 exhibited the highest numbers of new protein bands after irradiation. The results revealed positive relations

Several field trials and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the activities and processes of the development of the field irrigation systems at ElMahmoudia area, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, during the successful growing seasons winter 2016/17 and summer 2017 to investigate the effect of irrigation systems improvement projects on water productivity. The measurements were conducted in a tertiary canal (Mesqa) at the head of Nekla canal (Arafa Mousa Mesqa). Water consumption values for different crops were calcaulated, and water application was calculated through calibrating the capacities of the pumps and recording the operation hours. The most important results were as follows: Applied irrigation water decreased after irrigation improvement. Applied irrigation water for wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes and watermelon before irrigation improvement were higher than the corresponding values after irrigation improvement by 9.0%, 15%, 11%, 15% and 10% respectively. The productivity of wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes and watermelon increased after irrigation improvement by 7.0%, 4.0%, 3.0%, 8.0% and 9.0% respectively. Water productivity increased after irrigation improvement, and the increase ratios for wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes were 14.0%, 16.0%, 13.0%, 20.0%, and 18.0% respectively.

Weeds are severely competition with wheat crop and it highly reduces crop yield. So, the present study was conducted on wheat cultivations during two seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to evaluated phytotoxicity effects of some herbicides on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Effectiveness of these herbicides on weed control in wheat crop and yield evaluation and quality of wheat was evaluated as well after treatment by herbicides. The field experiment was carried out in agricultural experimental station of Etay El-barod, El-Beheira Governorate, using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates for each treatment and unweeded check, having two rates of both herbicide recommended and double recommended rates (R, 2R). Treatments comprised of post-emergence application of pyroxsulam, flumetsulam+ florasulam, tribenuron-methyl, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim. The results indicated an increase in wheat plant height with all herbicides used compared to unweeded check. Tribenuron-methyl and flumetsulam + florasulam treatments did not cause any visible phytotoxicity, while pyroxsulam, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim treatments recorded a low indexes of phytotoxicity on wheat plants which disappeared completely after 8 weeks from post application, compared to unweeded check. Results also, indicated that all herbicide treatments decreased weed density. Herbicide treatments achieved the highest weed control expressed in lowest fresh weight after 56 days from application for broadleaved, grassy and  total weeds. Herbicide treatments caused an excellent increase in yield attributes (spike length, biological and grain yield) and yield quality (weight of 1000 grains, total carbohydrates and crude protein) compared to unweeded check in both seasons. The maximum grain yield was recorded at two trials by pyroxsulam compared to unweeded check.

Twenty one wheat hybrids and their seven parental genotypes were evaluated in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams University, Shoubra El-khema, Cairo, Egypt, in 2016/2017 growing season. The genetic analysis was conducted using Griffing (1956), Method 2, model 1).                 Significant differences among parent genotypes and their 21 crosses for all the studied traits (days to 50% heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, plant height, number of spikes/ plant, spike length, number of spikelets/ spike, number of kernels/ spike, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield/ plant) were detected. This indicated that, variability exists among these populations may increase the chance appearance of good new combination that can be isolated in the succeeding generations. Parents versus crosses mean squares as an indication for average heterosis over all crosses were significant for all studied traits.                 Mean squares of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities were significant for all studied traits except spike length trait for SCA which was insignificant. GCA/SCA ratios were more than unity for all studied traits, which indicating that the additive type of gene action is of great importance in the inheritance of these traits. Heterosis over the better parents showed that, the best hybrids were Gemmiza 9xGiza 168, Sakha 93x Giza, 168, Sakha 94x Jawahir-14, Sakha 94x Bob white, Giza 168xAcsad 925 and Jawahir-14x Bob white for grain yield/ plant trait and some of the other studied traits. The best general combiner parents were Sakha 94, Jawahir-14 and Bob white for grain yield/ plant trait and some of the other studied traits. The best SCA hybrids were Gemmiza 9x Sakha 93, Gemmiza 9x Giza 168, Sakha 93x Jawahir-14, Sakha 94xJawahir-14, Sakha 94x Acsad 925, Sakha 94xBob white, Giza 168x Jawahir-14, Giza 168x Acsad 925, Jawahir-14x Bob white and Acsad 925x Bob white for grain yield/ plant trait and some of the other studied traits. These result could be used in wheat breeding programs.

Si application alleviates influence of some abiotic stresses on crop plants. Meanwhile, scarce information is avaiable about the significance of Si for helping the plants to overcome the injuries of N deficiency and herbicides pressure. Thus, two–year 2–field experiments were carried out in wheat. Experiment I involved three Si concentrations (Si0ppm, Si250ppm and Si500ppm) and two N levels(N100% and N50%). Experiment II examined four combinations of fenoxaprop–p–ethyl and Si: fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si250ppm and fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si500ppm (each either in sequence or in tank mixture), fenoxaprop–p–ethyl alone, hand weeding and weedy check. Under N deficiency (N50%), Si500ppm increased plant height as compared to the control. No significant differences in SPAD values were detected amongst Si concentrations under each of the two tested N levels. Si can partially alleviate negative N deficiency effect on wheat yield, causing its increase to level obtained under normal N supply. Si has no effect on weed biomass when applied with fenoxaprop–p–ethyl either in sequence or in tank mixing. The most promising treatment for maximizing wheat grain yield was the application of 100 kg N ha–1 (N50%) x fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si250ppm in sequence", which also, in the same time, means reducing both cost of crop production and environment pollution.

Two filed experiments were carried out at the New Salheyia Region, Sharkia Governorate, during the two successive seasons 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 to study growth and productivity of wheat plants as affected by complete foliar fertilizer compounds under water stress conditions in newly cultivated sandy land.