Composting technique is considered as one of the environmentlly friendly methods used for recycling the excess residues of rice straw ( RS) and solving the environmental problems of olive pomace (OP) by-product of the olive oil industry. For this purpose, three compost piles were made from mainly rice straw, different ratios of olive pomace and some agricultural wastes viz. tomato hallum, banana residues and farmyard manure to evaluate the stability and maturity of composted materials during 90-day composting period. The first pile (A) was made of 60% RS+10% OP+10% tomato hallum+10% banana residues+10% farmyard manure, the second pile (B) wase made of 50% RS +20% OP+10% tomato hallum+ 10% banana residues+ 10% farmyard manure while the  third pile (C) was made from 40% RS + 30% OP10% tomato hallum+ 10% banana residues+ 10% farmyard manure. Representative compost samples were taken after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days of the composting process. The results revealed that slight increase in temperature occurred through the first 2-3 days of composting to reach  the maximum values at 30 days of composting (thermophilic stage). All the composts showed a more pronounced increase in pH, EC, bulk density and total nitrogen, while total organic carbon significantly declined with composting progress. Consequentially, the C/N ratios became narrowed during composting process where they reached 18.80 for pile C. At maturity stage, the greatest values of humification parameters (Humification index, Humification degree and Humification rate) were obtained by pile C followed by pile B. Meanwhile, the ratio of  NH4+/NO3- as an indicator to nitrification process, Extinction coefficient (E4/E6) as well as CO2 rate decreased gradually to reach the minimum values. Finally, the highest values of germination index (92.22 and 95.39%) were achieved with pile C for cress and barley seeds, respectively

The current study was aim to remediate olive mill waste water (OMWW) to reduce its phenol content and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) using fungal isolates. OMWW samples were drawn from the outlet of olive presser at Agriculture Research center, Egypt and characterized. Inoculating 25% diluted waste sample on Potato dextrose agar plates, incubated for 2 weeks at 25oC, resulted in 8 fungal isolates, of which isolate 5 was selected based on its capabilities to degrade phenol and reduce COD, compared to the rest of the obtained isolates. Comparison was conducted between the selected isolate and the fungus Pleurotus columbinus as a reference to test their potencies to degrade phenol and reduce COD in OMWW at concentrations from 100 to 10% over 4 weeks and results showed low degradability and weak tolerance of the two organisms at concentrations from 50 to 100%, while at 40, 30, 20 and 10%, phenol degradation and COD reduction over the 4 weeks treatment were more obvious. At all concentrations P. columbinus showed better competency for phenol degradation and COD reduction than isolate 5. Decolorization and growth of the two organisms were investigated in OMWW at 40 to 10% concentrations. P. columbinus, again, showed better competency over isolate 5 where it 79 and 49% of the color were removed after 4 weeks by P. columbinus and isolate 5, respectively. Total carbohydrate was also determined in the treated OMWW over 4 weeks and results showed it decreased from 6.05 to 5.2g/L in 40% OMWW and from 4.27 to 3.6 g/L in 30% OMWW, while it increased from 3.1 to 4.37g/L in 20% OMWW and from 1.46 to 3.9 g/L in 10% OMWW. Finally, the presence of indol acetic acid and gibberellins in 20 and 10% OMWW was tested as affect by the treatment with P. columbinus over the period of 4 weeks.Results showed that, after 4 weeks, IAA content decreased from 29.4 to 23.25 µg/ml in 20% OMWW, and slightly from 15.6 to 13,15 µg/ml in 10% OMWW. For gibberellins, the change after 4 weeks in 20% OMWW was not significant, that it decreased from 1.36 to 1.25mg, while it increased from 0.667 to 1.58 mg/ml in 10% waste in the same period. It can be concluded that remediating OMWW with P. columbinus can achieve a better results and the treated waste may be suitable for irrigation of crops.

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 seasons on adult Kitt Mango Trees to evaluate 4 levels of pruning  pattern (removing one-third, one-half, all branch or without pruning) and 4 types of soil mulching (white plastic, black plastic, rice straw or without soil mulching) on vegetative growth, leaf mineral content ,flowering and yield.   Average shoot length, shoot thickness and average number of shoot / tree of Kitt mangos greatly affected with both pruning pattern and soil mulching, especially with removing of one-third of branch and covering soil with white plastic sheet. However leaf N, P and K contents were improved with both one-third and one-half pruning of branches of Kitt mango trees where both white and black plastic of mulch soil were similar in their effect on leaf NPK content. There were an evident increase in fruit set %, total yield (kg/tree) and marketable yield % with one-third and one-half pruning of branch and also with white and black plastic of soil mulching. The increase of marketable yield% due to these treatments could be attributed to the increase of vegetative canopy of leaves which led to prevent sun burn of fruits and to minimize heat solar effect from the soil and protect the fruits in lower parts of the trees. Fruit chemical constituents including TSS%, acidity and L-ascorbic acid slightly affected with different treatments but one-third and one-half prunning of branch as well as with white and black plastic of soil mulch could be recommended as a good horticulture treatments in Kitt mango orchards

The present study was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of corn silk powder addition to   chicks diets containing poultry slaughter houses by- products (SH). A total number of 120 chicks were divided into five experimental groups of 24 chicks each in three replicates of 8 chicks. The first group was fed the basal control diet, the second and third groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 3 and 6% of SH, while the fourth group was fed the basal diet supplied with 6% SH plus 1.5% corn silk powder (CSP) and the fifth group was fed the basal diet with 1.5% corn silk powder. Live body weight and some blood parameters were recorded. Liver sections were examined to detect any histopathological signs of hepatic damage. Results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in CSP treatment groups compared with the control un - supplemented group. The level of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) were significantly increased in the SH–fed   chicken especially for those fed the 6% SH– supplemented diet, but the SP addition improved these parameters. Blood urea and creatinine were not significantly affected by different treatments. Live body weight and body weight gain were significantly increased as a result of CSP addition to diets. Dietary inclusion of 6% SH by-products caused deleterious effects on liver histology including disruption in the arrangement of hepatocytes, dilation of the portal vein accompanied by the presence of many necrotic and cirrhotic areas, but CSP addition to chicken diet enhances liver histological structure. It is concluded that CSP addition to broiler chicks diet could improve the productive performance of chicks and protect their organs from the deleterious effect of by – products SH contamination.

The experiment was carried out at the farm of soils and water research department, atomic energy authority. Inshas (latitude 30°24¢ longitude 31°35¢) altitude is 20 m above the sea level, during (2015/2016) growth season. The treatments of the water (T1,T2,T3), were applied, which was (100%, 80% and 60%), respectively based an estimated amount of applied water to active root depth (ARD) which estimated according to the amount of water depleted from field capacity through ARD. Actual evapotranspiration, yield, crop water use efficiency and active root depth were measured and estimated. The obtained results showed that the highest value of chickpea grain yield was 1218.09 kg/ha under T2  treatment compared with  1170.37 kg/ha and 919.99 kg/ha for (T1, T3) respectively. Also the highest value of crop water use efficiency was btained by T2 which was 0.28 kg/m3 flowed by T3 then T1 which were 0.26 and 0.22 kg m-3 respectively. Difference between the T1,T2 and T3 was found with grain yield and actual evapotranspiration between three treatments. Active root depth reached a maximum value was 71 cm, which approximates the actual value.

Tillage erosion is one of the main causes of land degradation. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of tillage systems (up and downslope and contour tillage), soil conditions (consolidated and loosened soils), tillage depth, speed and slope on tillage erosion rate. Field experiments of variable slopes (3 - 16%) were established on sandy soil of Wadi El Ramala, west Mersa Matruh City. Soil translocation as affected by tillage systems and soil conditions were examined. In addition, soil losses by tillage erosion and water erosion were measured and evaluated. The experimental results showed that the average displacement distance is a function of gradient slopes, soil condition, tillage system, depth and speed. The validation of the soil translocation model developed by (Van Muysen et al 2000), under different gradient slopes, tillage depth, speed and soil condition were evaluated. This validation showed that variations in tracer displacement distance can be successfully predicted. Consequently, such model can be used under sandy soil. Finally, experiment results showed that tillage operations with a chisel plow under present agricultural practices are responsible for the major field redistribution of soil. Furthermore, it is clear that tillage of a loosened soil is far more erosive than tillage of a consolidated soil, where the tillage transport coefficient (K) was 105 kg.m-1 per tillage operation for consolidated soil and 179 kg.m-1 for loosened soil under contour tillage. However, 256 kg.m-1 per tillage prevailed for consolidated soil and 454 kg.m-1 for loosened soil under up and downslope tillage treatments.

The Arab world extends between the Arabian Gulf to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Arab World includes many environmental regions with different climates. The expansion of cultivated area of legumes in the Arab world is of great importance. The establishment of specialization in production is one of the most important things in the formation of a unified Arab bloc. It helps to integrate countries through the need of one country to other countries, which excelled in the production of certain goods through creativity in production and minimizing production costs to the lowest level. The Arab countries were divided regionally into the Arab Eastern Region, the Middle Region, the Arab Western Region. Some legume crops and winter and summer cereals have been studied. The problem of the study is the low area and production of legume crops at the level of the Arab world. The main reason for the decrease in the area cultivated with legume crops is the expansion of cereals crops cultivation compared to the legume crops. The study aims at the possibility of the agricultural specialization in the field of legume production and determining its success in the Arab world by measuring the effect of specialization on increasing the area, production, and reducing the production costs of legume crops, which in turn leads to the possibility of increasing the integration between the Arab countries to form a united Arab bloc to confront other economic blocs. The study focused on the possibility of production specialization of legume crops according to the principle of comparative advantage through specialization in some legume crops by expanding their area within the cereals area using published data such as FAO statistics, Arabic Organization for agriculture Development (AOAD) statistics, and websites. The study reached several results, including: In the Arab Eastern Region, it is better for Jordan to include the area of barley to green beans, increasing its production from 12.80 to 737.36 thousand tons, achieving a huge production boom that will lead to specialization in its production. Lebanon is characterized by the cultivation of lupins and can expand its area of wheat or the area of barley to increase its production, giving him the advantage to specialize in it. Yemen can expand the area of chick peas from the area of wheat or barley to increase its production when their areas added to chick peas, giving a distinction to Yemen to specialize in it. It is better for Yemen to include the area of sorghum to the area of dry beans, which leads to specialization in it. The results of the Middle Region showed that Egypt would prefer to specialize in the production of green beans by expanding it in the area of barley according to the principle of comparative advantage. Egypt is estimated to be unable to specialize in summer legumes. If Sudan plans to expand the chickpeas by adding wheat area to it, its production will increase, leading to specialization in its production. It is best to include the area of rice to the area of dry beans. The results of the Arab Western Region showed that Tunisia and Morocco cannot specialize in the production of winter legumes crops by expanding their area cultivated by adding the area of cereals to them. For summer crops, it is better for Morocco to expand soybean area by adding maize area to it. The results of Algeria pointed to the possibilities of expanding the cultivation of broad beans by adding the area of barley, which drives Algeria to specialize in it. It is better for Algeria to benefit from the relative advantage of specialization to expand the area cultivated with dry beans instead of rice to save water.   We can make several recommendations from this study, which may be the most important   The possibility of agricultural specialization in the production of some leguminous crops with high comparative advantages and expansion of their area at the expense of narrowing the cultivated area of some cereals crops by studying all the economic conditions surrounding their production and consumption. The importance of activating and increasing the effectiveness of the Arab specialization in the field of raising the production of legume crops, which is an appropriate input for the Arab agricultural economic integration among the Arab countries in the field of legume production.   Division of the Arab countries into regions to form the nucleus for the establishment of a united Arab economic bloc and push towards a joint Arab agricultural strategy aimed at improving the Arab economy and preserving the interests of Arab countries in the global blocs.

Hydroponics is one of the modern agricultural techniques which applied in many European countries and a few number of Arab countries especially Arabian Gulf countries. Hydroponics comes as one of the alternatives proposed in Egypt to reduce the deficit in food balance and increase the self-sufficiency ratio for many strategic food crops such as wheat and maize. These alternatives based on applying the technique of hydroponics in green houses in the new land to produce the same production of vegetables which obtained from the old cultivated area.   The research aims mainly at -      Evaluating the project of hydroponics financially (for one hundred green houses, fifty for tomatoes and fifty for cucumber) as well as analyzing its sensitivity. -      Studying the economic impact of converting the use of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of vegetables cultivated area in the old agricultural land after redirecting it to produce wheat and maize. The results of financial and sensitivity analysis of the hydroponics project for cucumber and tomatoes indicated the feasibility of the project and recommended to adopt it in the following three cases: The original financial analysis before analyzing of project sensitivity. The financial analysis under condition of increase the production cost by 10% than the original financial analysis. The financial analysis under condition of increase the lending interest rate by 20% than the prevailing rate during the study (16%). The results showed also that the redirect of 100% of the area cultivated by vegetables in the old agricultural land to produce wheat and maize will result in achieving the highest increase in the self-sufficiency ratio for both crops to reach about 57%, 58% respectively, as well as reducing the yearly consumption of irrigation water by about 69 million m3/year than before. The results estimated the increase in self-sufficiency ratio of wheat and maize which will be achieved through applying the proposal of fourth alternative (redirecting of 25% of the area cultivated by vegetables in the old agricultural land to produce wheat and maize) by about 55%, 54% respectively, while it will reduce water consumption for irrigation by about 17 million m3/year than it was found in the old cropping pattern. Therefore results of fourth proposal are the lowest among other alternatives. The main recommendations of the research could be summarized as follows: -      Studying technically and economically the potential of applying hydroponics technique at the national level (farms of agricultural colleges and research centers). -      Preparing detailed studies for discussing the benefits, costs and risks resulting from applying the hydroponics technique. -      Preparing technical and economic detailed studies to investigate the possibility of adopting new cropping pattern in the old Agricultural land, through redirecting the area cultivated by vegetables to produce wheat and maize, while the old agricultural land  production of vegetables could be compensated through applying the technique of hydroponics in the green houses in the new land.

consumer spending on food in EGYPT, and derive the price and expenditure elasticity for various categories of food goods in Egypt by applying Complete Demand Systems (The Linear Expenditure System LES) & Partial Demand Models (Analysis of Engel Curves), using cross-section data from the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIECS) conducted in 2010 & 2015 by CAPMAS: the results show that: The results of the LES model show that about 40% of the Supernumerary Expenditure is directed to the meat group, followed by the milk, cheese and eggs group by 16%, the fish group by 10%, then, the fruit group by 9% and the cereal and bread group by 8%, so this groups has an important place in the menu of the Egyptian consumer. The Food Poverty line for each person in 2015 is estimated at LE 6042 / person / year. From the previous results, A family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs. The expenditure elasticity of demand is estimated based on the regression model of Engel curves. According to the expenditure elasticity, the commodities are classified into three categories as necessities, luxuries and Giffen Good. The commodities, which have expenditure elasticity less than one, are called necessities, while, the commodities whose expenditure elasticity exceeds one, are called luxuries, then, the commodities whose negative expenditure elasticity, are called Giffen Good. The results of the analysis of food expenditure showed that expenditure elasticity for all food commodity were positive(without pasta & Lentil); indicating that demand for these products will continue to increase with growing real income and improving the level of Egyptian society. Therefore, the future demand for these foods would most likely increase steeply. Egypt will need to increase its production of these foods, especially livestock products that have high expenditure elasticity. The same holds true for Non Subsidized bread, natural butter, honey, dairy, yogurt, and fresh fine fish.   - From the previous results, Family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs, so a policy must be adopted to ensure the redistribution of income among individuals in order to raise the standard of living of certain groups under The Food Poverty line. - The current estimates of price elasticity’s should be very useful in the design of many different government policies.

The relative importance of fish in Egypt increased from 1482 thousand tons in 21001 to 15525 thousand tons in 2014, an increase of 43 thousand tons or about 2%. The fish are characterized by fluctuations in productivity and price, which affects the production and marketing decisions of both the producer and the consumer and lead to the emergence of problems and difficulties in marketing, the most important lack of marketing information and the modest marketing services available on the market and the high share of marketing intermediaries of the consumer price and requires study of the marketing side of the transit market. And used the standards for calculating the marketing margins and the distribution of consumer pounds and the same seasonal analysis of the prices of the most important types of fish during 2010-2014. The research was based on the primary data collected from the market as well as the secondary data obtained from the market management and then the selection of the types of tilapia and crustaceans as the most important types of fish, such as the high market value and demand. The share of the product in the 2014 retail price was about 83% while the wholesaler's share was about 64% while the retailer's share was 11.66% of the retail price. While the share of the wholesaler was 4.6%, while the share of the wholesaler was 19.4%. The efficiency estimate for the marketing costs of the tilapia category according to the variable yield index was 1020%. Therefore, the efficiency can be increased. To 90% which reflects the lack of efficiency and this during 2009 and then increased efficiency to reach a maximum of 100% in 2012-2014. The results of the efficiency assessment of the marketing costs of the cutters according to the variable yield scale of the minimum threshold of 0.5% and thus the efficiency can be increased to 95% which reflect the lack of efficiency and this during 2005 was the best efficiency during the years 2012-2014. The results of the IRS indicate increased marketing costs to improve efficiency during the year 2001-2011 and there was a reduction in costs in 2012 and the efficiency was high. In 2013 and 2014, there was a decrease in the independent variable from decreasing the difference with efficiency stability to reach the same efficiency. For tilapia. The results of the IRS show that the marketing costs to improve efficiency during the period 2001-2011 should be increased for catfish and there was a decrease in costs in 2012 and there was high efficiency. In 2013 and 2014 there was a shortage in the independent variable, Efficiency of access to the same efficiency. On the other hand, the minimum season of wholesale prices of tilapia during the years 2010-2014 in the months (October- November- August) and the maximum during the months (April- May- February), (October- December- November) and the upper limit (April- June- March). The most important marketing problems of fish in the absence of equipment market fish keeping 'weak regulation of the market lack of control on the actual functioning of the auctions market spread of the phenomenon of indiscriminate sale without a license, which requires regulation of dealing in the market and provide the appropriate equipment and provide data and market information for the services of all workers in the market.