Agricultural waste is an unexploited economic value, which makes it an environmental burden. In recent years, the economic importance of some important strategic crops in Egypt has increased and the quantities of waste and secondary products have increased. Both the state and the farms, prompting many farmers to dispose of their agricultural waste in economically and environmentally unsafe ways.  Therefore, the present study aimed to study the economic effects of the recycling of agricultural waste on agricultural production, and the economic  return to reusing these wastes and recycling them for organic fertilizers and non-traditional feeds.  The problem of disposal of agricultural waste in itself is an economic problem for economic, health, social and environmental reasons. Therefore, maximizing the utilization of agricultural waste, either through its use as raw materials for many important industries, increases its economic value and opens up work areas for young graduates.  As a result of the high prices of animal and poultry feed because of the increasing demand for it, there has been increasing interest in trying to use agricultural waste in many different ways in an attempt to fill the deficit in animal feed and high prices. The same is true for fertilizer and agricultural fertilizers. And to know the role played by the state in solving such problems.

Plant viruses cause serious disease of crop plants reducing both quality and quantity of final produce. Serological tests are used all over the world in laboratory and field based detection of plant viruses and they are of great indispensable importance in agricultural production; virus certification programs; agricultural quarantine and production of virus-free crops grown for processing or fresh market. Cross reaction between viruses and their strains antisera limits serological differentiation of viruses and their strains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study aims to characterize the antigenic property of Tomato mosaic virus ToMV coat protein by using some bioinformatic tools to analyze its gene. Therefore, new methods in antibody production could be used as equivalent to Mabs in its high specificity. ToMV isolate was confirmed by Transmission electron microscope and differential hosts and propagated on N. tabacum cv. Samson. Systemic infection was developed on N. tabacum cv. Samson and local infection on Datora metel; D. stramonium; N. glutinosa; Chenopodium amaranticolor; C. quinoa. ToMV was purified and used as immunizing agent for antiserum production. TEM showed rod shaped particles with 300 x 18 nm dimensions. The titer of produced antiserum was 1:1024 evaluated by microprecipitin test and indirect-ELISA. Coat protein gene was amplified by RT-PCR with expected size of (Approx. 500 bp). The PCR product was sequenced then the generated nucleotide sequence  was translated into 160 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of Five B-cell epitopes, of 14 amino acid residues each, were predicted. Identifying Bcell epitopes play an important role in vaccine design, immunodiagnostic tests, and antibody production. Therefore, computational tools for reliably predicting B-cell epitopes are studied.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of drain depth on the drainage water quality and flax productivity. The flax crop was planted during winter season. The field experiment was conducted at the Bahteem Research Station, Qaliubiya Governorate, from November 2015 till April 2016. Two design systems were selected, the first was conventional drainage system (CDS), with drain depth 1.5 m, the second was modified drainage system (MDS), three lateral drain lines were installed to main drain directly. The depth of the lateral drain was (0.90 - 1.0) m.   The obtained results revealed that the salinity of the average soil profile decreased after the second irrigation onward. The soil salinity percentages of (MDS) decreased by (47, 30 and 9.5) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, soil salinity percentages of (CDS) decreased by (40, 32 and 9) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages for average soil profile of (MDS) decreased by (77, 82 and 54) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (70, 75 and 35) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The EC values of drainage water of (MDS) decreased from first irrigation onwards. The EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (MDS) decreased by (10.6, 18.2 and 22.7) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (CDS) decreased by (6.3, 5.6 and 24.6) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages of drainage water  salinity of (MDS) decreased by (22.6, 43 and 14.2) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (14.7, 32 and 16.4) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The piezometer reading showed that the water table levels reaching the soil surface upon irrigation reached low level before the next irrigation. The average values of water table after first irrigation were (14.5, 11 cm) for (MDS) and (29.5, 24 cm) for (CDS) for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line), respectively. Also the results indicated that the water table level continue decreasing for both systems before 2nd and 3rd irrigation. The results recorded were (91, 82 cm), (140.5, 132 cm) before 2nd irrigation; (75.5, 60 cm), (133.5, 125 cm) before 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS), respectively. On the other hand data showed that the water table was higher after 2nd irrigation on ward. The results recorded were (16.5, 10 cm), (33.5, 25 cm) after 2nd irrigation; (7.5, 3 cm), (28, 21 cm) after 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS) respectively. So (MDS) produced drainage water with higher quality and lower salts concentration than the (CDS). At the end of the season the flax productivity was 3.5 ton/fed for both systems. It can be recommended to be used (MDS) with shallow drain depth.

is study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant activities of Moringa Oleifera Lam (MO) extracts, and their protective effects in acetaminophen (APAP)- induced liver injury in rats caused by oxidative damage. The antioxidants activities of ethanolic, aqueous and hexane extracts of different MO edible parts were investigated by DPPH radical scavenging capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. The ethanolic extracts of different parts of MO were found to have higher antioxidant capacity compared to the aqueous and hexane extracts. The flowers ethanolic extract has the highest total antioxidants capacity among the other different parts of MO follo wed by leaves, pods, roots and finally seeds. HPLC-MS scanning of ethanolic leave extracts showed the presence of flavonoid derivates Apigenin, quercetin and kaempferol in addition to chlorogenic acid.  In the hepatoprotective study, either leaves or pods extracts (300mg/Kg bw or 600mg/Kg bw stomach tube orally) were administrated to rats one hour prior to administration of a single dose of APAP (4g/Kg bw by stomach tube orally). The hepatoprotective activity of MO leaves and pods extracts were followed for 21 days by observed in the levels of liver markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the levels of oxidative damage markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT), wich analysed and compared between groups pretreated with MO extracts +APAP to those treated with  APAP alone. The outcome of this parameters indicate reduction in the severity of liver damage in group treated with MO extracts + APAP and compared to those treated with APAP alone . Also, histopathological examination of liver tissues of rats treated with MO extracts showed an improvement at the end of experiment.  The results of this study indicate the hepatoprotective properties of MO leaves and pods ethanolic extracts against liver injury and thereby signify its traditional use.

The current research was conducted to determine the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, determining the relationship between the independent variables studied and the effectiveness of agricultural extension in the production of palm date palm, identifying the problems facing the farmers, to achieve the research objectives, Bahariya Oasis at Giza governorate was selected as a geographic field for the study sample, a systematic random sample of 235 farmers representing (10%) of the farmers totaled 2350 at the study area. Data were collected through the personal interview with the sample research using a questionnaire. Frequencies, percentage, range, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), and step-wise regression analysis were utilized to present and analyze data.  Results showed that (51.4%) of the respondents fell under the medium category of indicator of  the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, and (37.6%) of them fell under the low category of the indicator, while (11%) of the total sample fell under the high category of the indicator.  Results indicate that the degree of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production was significant at 0.01 for each of the researcher's education, the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation and the driving grade, while the number of years of experience in agricultural work, the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations and the degree of orientation towards extension were significant at 0.05.  Results also showed four variables out of the total independent variables which explain around (43.8%) of the total variation of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production using the Step Wise regression i.e. the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation, the researcher's education and the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations.

Two pot experiments were carried out at the greenhouse of the Cotton Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent., Giza, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 seasons to study the response of cotton plant to application of some nutrients to improve the performance of cotton plant under irrigation of saline water to increase growth, yield and yield components and fiber quality of Giza 90 cotton cultivar.  The experimental design was a split plot design with four replications. Main plots included saline water solutions treatments (control, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm), sub plot included four nutrients application (Potassium Humate, Algex, Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 and Potassein compared with control). The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Irrigation with saline  water over seasons significantly decreased plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant, number of open bolls /plant, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield per plant, fiber length, uniformity index, fiber strength and micronaire value,  while, lint % was significantly increased. Nutrients application had significant effect on growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties under study, All nutrients treatments gave the highest values of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties as compared with the control in both seasons. In general, plants sprayed with PEG gave the highest averages of plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant. Potassium Humate gave  the highest averages of yield and its components and fiber properties followed by plants sprayed with Algex, while the plants sprayed with PEG as came the last in these respect in both seasons. Interaction between irrigation with slain water and nutrients application by salinity tolerance inducers had a significant effect on plant height, number of fruiting branches per plant,  boll weight,  number of open bolls /plant, seed index, seed cotton yield /plant and fiber quality under study in both seasons. Plants treated with foliar nutrients under salinity condation scored the highest average of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties. Potassium Humate, Algex, PEG and Potassein applications to plants under normal and salinity conditions had positive effects on improving the performance of cotton plants, which increased plant growth and yield especially under salinity conditions.

This experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 experimental seasons to investigate the effect of spraying with moringa extract at 3%, garlic extract at 3% or ascorbic acid at 300 ppm on fruit set, yield and fruit quality of Khadrawi date palm cultivar. Anyhow, bunches were sprayed at three times (3 hours before pollination then 4 and 8 weeks after pollination). The present results indicated that spraying date palm bunches with moringa extract or garlic extract recorded the highest initial fruit set in the first and second seasons, respectively. As well as, moringa extract gave the highest fruit retention and yield in both seasons. In addition, all treatments improved some fruit physical characteristics i.e. fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit volume and fruit length compared to the control treatment in the two studied seasons. Also, results showed that moringa extract or ascorbic acid increased TSS%, total sugars % and reducing sugars % in both seasons compared to the control. Meanwhile, the lowest fibers % was obtained by garlic extract in the two seasons. Also, all treatments had no significant effect on total acidity % and tannins content in both seasons.

Energy sources represent one of the most important inputs of the production process without which the production process can't begin or continue. The process of fossil fuels production has Longley been associated with large amounts of emitted pollutants into the atmosphere starting through the industrial revolution at the beginning of the last century and up to nowadays, causing high levels of pollution that have threatened the human presence on earth. Fossil fuels has three main problems: the first is polluting the environment and the second is that it is steadily depleting and the third is that it has a decreasing supply function, contrary to its increasing demand, which has led to a steady increase in its international prices. It is a must and not a luxury. These made the world to produce the biogas and its secondary product "the biogas compost" which environmentally and economically compatible compared to other alternatives offered in the global market.  In Egypt, the problem of fuel is more acute, especially in the desert provinces, where the challenges of shortage of supply of LPGs combine with increasing demand due to rapid population increase with spatial spacing between production  and distribution areas accompanied by transportation, storage and handling risks, In a short period of time, all of which are a constant pressure on the balance of the local market for fuel, especially gas cylinders (LPG). Increasing carbon emissions from different sectors especially transport and agriculture (with regard to the accumulation and unsustainable handling of agricultural wastes) and the industrial sector pose significant challenges to environmental safety in Egypt. Which makes these factors a pressure pathway for the state to encourage the spread of the use of biogas technology in the agricultural sector, especially as it save the foreign currency through the provision of a complete decomposed, free of parasites, and low cost fertilizer in addition to it doesn't cause environmental pollution compared to other high-cost organic fertilizers and extremely expensive and environmentally pollutant chemical ones. The study found that the size of the most common fermenter in the category of small-size fermenters is 6 m 3 because it has a high economic return.  The research concluded that in biogas production units studied in the newly reclaimed areas of three Governorates (South Sinai, Fayoum, Assiut), net profit reached the end of life of the project, estimated at about 15 years, is about 42642 LE. The average annual profit per unit (4240 LE), IRR (15%), and the total cost recovery period of the unit are estimated at (7 years).   A sensitivity analysis of 10% found that    First    Increase costs by 10%     Net profit of LE 40454.  The average annual profit is LE 3424.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%  The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years.    Second    Revenues decrease by 10%     Net profit of LE 3622.  The average annual profit is LE 3075.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%   The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years   Third    Increase costs by 10% and decrease revenue by 10% together     Net profit of LE 34014.  The average annual profit is 3000 pounds.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%  The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years    The study recommends the use of 6 m3 biogas fermenters in the agriculture sector for heating, lighting and cooking purposes especially in newly reclaimed lands to provide energy and organic fertilizers to ensure the sustainability of the environmental resources in these virgin areas and the success of production processes economically.

Lack of geographical diversity for the future markets for Egyptian agricultural and food exports and Egypt's dependence on neighboring countries in this regard.  The main markets for Egyptian agricultural and food exports were average in the period 20112016 in Saudi Arabia by about 13.1%, followed by Libya, Russia and Britain with 5.9%, 5.7% and 4.1% respectively. Italy with a rate of about 3.9% and the UAE by about 5.2%.  It was found that the potato crop is one of the most important export crops in the vegetables, representing about 22.5% of the total value of Egyptian exports of vegetables, while the grapes were one of the most important Egyptian export crops in the fruit group, representing about 20.6% of the total fruit exports. -2016.  There was a statistically significant increase in the quantity and value of Egyptian exports of potatoes and grapes.  The increase in the indicators of comparative advantage of Egyptian potatoes, which enhances the position of competitiveness of Egyptian potatoes in foreign markets.  The relative advantage of the correct one decreased until 2003, while comparative advantage increased from 2004 until the end of the study period. This may be attributed to the success of the  Egyptian side in increasing the production and marketing capabilities of grapes and hence the relative advantage of this crop.  Egypt is the 13th largest exporter of grapes in the world and contributes about 2.2% of the total value of world exports as an average for the period 2012-2016.  It was found that Egypt is the fifth largest exporter of grapes to the United Kingdom and was ranked first in South Africa and Spain.              shows that the rate of export growth of the competition countries is greater than the rate of growth in Egypt, i.e., the competing countries take the share of the Egyptian side and reached the market share 5.8%, as evidenced by the low penetration rate of the market, which amounted to about 2.4%, as it became clear that the penetration rate of the market in Saudi Arabia, which amounted to about 17.5%.  Egypt is ranked eighth among the most important potato exporting countries in the world and contributes about 4.3% of the total amount of world exports as an average for the period 2012-2016. It was found that Egypt occupies the first position of the most important potato exporting countries to Russia and was second and third place in China and Azerbaijan. Table (9) shows that the rate of export growth of the countries of competition is lower than the growth rate in Egypt, where the rate of growth of Egyptian exports to Russia was 7% 38.1%. The market penetration rate, which is about 0.6%, was found to be low, and the penetration rate of the Dutch market was about 5.5%.

The objective of this present study is Studying the effect of crossing and reciprocal cross on productive performance, Fertility and hatchability for local chicken. The experiment was carried out in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture - Ain Shams University. Their experimental research began when birds from two local breeds 22 week of age, where, sixty chickens (30 Fayoumi breeds, 30 Sinai breeds).were used at 26 weeks of age semen was collected artificially from 12 cocks (6 Fayoumi , 6 Sinai).semen from each cock artificially inseminated 48 female within each breed. Were attribution taken to be a parent stock. They were housed in batteries and then they transferred into individual batteries until the end of the experiment (36 weeks of age). The two breeds were mated and four crosses were produced Male Fayoumi*Female Fayoumi (FF) , Male Fayoumi*Female Sinai (FS) ,Male Sinai*Female Sinai(SS) , Male Sinai*Female Fayoumi (SF) After the second generation hatching ,the resolutely indicated that (FF) breed had the highest Fertility percent while the (SF)cross was the highest Hatchability calculated from the total eggs and also from fertile eggs . and Individual body weight (in grams) was recorded for each sex separately within each breed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks of age. Male Sinai*Female Fayoumi (SF) was found to be the best breeds in terms of body weight and vitality and better in food conversion. The most important results observed from this study indicated that the (SF) cross had the best in fertility, the best hatchability calculated from total and fertile eggs, body weight and body weight gain.    So, it could be concluded that, cross procedure could be used in order to achieve genetic improvement from local breeds, which mean the possibility of increasing our production and hence on consumption from our local breeds and reducing on dependence from foreign breeds.