Egyptian orange is one of the most important agricultural crops export, which can contribute to the increase of foreign exchange of agricultural exports, where the Egyptian orange is in the first place for fruit export Egyptian exports, Accordingly, the aim of the research was to identify the main import markets of the Egyptian orange crop to study the external demand of Egyptian oranges for these markets and to determine the factors affecting the Egyptian oranges in the most important import markets and to identify the most important countries competing for Egypt in the most important importing markets. A study of the geographical distribution of Egyptian orange exports revealed that the Russian Federation, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the main importing markets for Egyptian orange. Egypt's exports of orange to these markets reached 461.7 thousand tons, representing about 53.5% of the average quantity of Egyptian orange exports during the period (2013-2017), Egypt's exports of orange to these markets amounted to about 254.4 million dollars, representing about 51.6% of the average value of Egyptian orange exports during the period studied. A study of the demand for Egyptian oranges for the most important import markets showed that the price elasticity of the Dutch market was high Which means that demand for oranges in the Netherlands market is elastic Compared to the Russian market, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, where demand for Egyptian oranges  Inelastic request,  Therefore, the price of export of Egyptian oranges to the Netherlands should not be maintained To maintain Egypt's market share in this market.

As the impact of upcoming climate change scenarios on livestock feeding security (quality, availability, and price), applying alternative feedstuffs is a must. Fattening calves considered as a most process related to traditional feeding system. In the present study we purposed new feedstuffs for fattened calves consisting citrus pulp silage, wheat germ, barley sprout and molasses. Within the above feedstuffs we using mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments. Moreover, the present study evaluates the production performance of 14 male cross Friesian calves (7 per each group) for adding 10ml/calve/day probiotic ZAD in treated group. Weight data where used to calculate Average Daily Gains ADG, nutrients digestibility, boneless meat percent, and feed conversion rate. From our results applying probiotics (ZAD) increased significantly (P<0.05) ADG in the hall fattened period by 1.011±0.107 kg/calve/day and 0.886±0.107kg/calve/day, also, increased the percent of boon less meat from 51.097±1.140 % and 44.410±1.518% in the treated control group respectively. Applying probiotic increasing significantly (P<0.05) digestibility of nutrient detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber by 42.853±7.092 and 54.010±3.774 in treated group compared with 25.180±7.902 and 37.679±3.774 respectively. Based on the results of the present study concluded that the effect of probiotic treatment on feed conversion rate of intake nutrients showing significant different (P<0.05) in Total Intake of Digestible Nutrients TDNI was higher in control group (4.579) compared with treated group (3.305). However, Dry Matter Intake DMI and Crud Protein Intake CPI tended to be higher in control group compared with treated group. In conclusion applying probiotics in agriculture byproduct silage in presence of sprout, molasses and wheat germ results in improving in nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and feed conversion rate of fattened calves. Based on our results we recommend such feeding system as a solution in calves' meat production to facing the upcoming climate change scenarios (i.e. direct and indirect effects on livestock sector.

Facing the food industry in Egypt, the challenges of external and internal negative impact on their competitiveness and access to global markets and the study showed that the number of enterprises operating in this sector amounted to about 37.7 thousand that run around 357 thousand workers. It also represents the food exports of approximately 31.7% and 14.3% of the total value of exports of industrial goods and the College Rankings 2016, the average annual value of the products of that sector, about 21.4 million pounds, accounted for about 31% of the value of industrial production for the same year. The research problem was the small size of the internal and external markets of frozen Egyptian vegetables. Despite the increasing global demand for frozen products, Egyptian exports do not increase at the expected rate. The rate of increase in global demand for frozen food products exceeds 510% annually, Compared to its Egyptian counterparts. The study aimed at studying the internal and external markets of Egyptian frozen vegetables. The study aims at identifying the economic characteristics of the local market for frozen vegetables in general, and in particular for the field sample of vegetable freezing plants and processing them in addition to the internal markets for marketing these vegetables. Prices, categories and consumer attitudes towards them. The study was based mainly  on the available and available data published and unpublished by government agencies such as the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics in the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, the General Organization for Industrialization, the Chamber of Food Industries in the Federation of Industries, the Commodity Council for Food Industries, the Holding Company for Food Industries, the Commercial Representation Authority, General for Export and Import Control, as well as foreign trade base data at the National Information Center of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. And the most important results as follows that the difference between the prices of the products, vegetables, frozen for different companies in Super accumulator different varieties where ranked Alabama to buy smile from the above parties between the varieties by about 71% of the total parties the company has a smile, and then are classified Mallow estimated at around 14.8 % of the total group has a company-Bessemer, as expected from the results I classified the grape of the biggest differences between varieties increased by approximately 26.7% of the total team purchase Montana, the following varieties of spinach increased by approximately 24.4 % of the total group company Montana.

The poultry industry in Egypt is one of the most important industries that contribute in providing the source of animal protein, which is characterized by high nutritional value, cheap price and high conversion coefficient of food compared to red meat. This industry is characterized by several characteristics, the most important speed of turnover of capital as well as not need a large agricultural patch, In addition to the relative increase in food conversion efficiency compared to other types of animals. The industry is also characterized by high return and low capital required to invest in this field compared to other productive projects. The problem of research is the high price of the prices of the inputs of the production of poultry and the low quality of the market, and fluctuation of market prices of the final output, which affects the revenue and thus affect the size of the economic project. Therefore, the study aimed at estimating the economic yield of the poultry farms in the fattening nurseries in Qalyubia governorate. These farms are characterized by a short cycle of the capital cycle in order to contribute to raising the level of individual income in the rural sector. It also provides job opportunities for young people. Of the animal protein, and based on published data and the use of field study for a sample of the municipality of Qalyubia, the research reached some results, including:  1- The average number of farms of broiler fattening was about 1.6 thousand farms by 6.67% of the total number of farms at the level of the province of Qalyubia. 2- The study of the most important problems and obstacles facing the poultry growers found that the problems of production and marketing were the high prices of chicks used in fattening, lack of quality chick, high feed prices, the lack of trained labor, the problem of control of traders and brokers in price, and the problem of irregular market price . 3- By dividing the sample of the study into three production capacities, it was found that the net yield of the first capacity (12.9-6 thousand birds) amounted to 308.9 thousand pounds / cycle, and net return of the second capacity (less than 6 thousand - more than 3.6 thousand birds) LE 323.2 thousand / cycle, while it amounted to about 274.1 thousand pounds / cycle for the third capacity (3.6 - 0.8 thousand birds). 4- The estimated profitability of the pound for the investor for the three capacities (first, second and third) was respectively 1.05, 1.12, 1.31 thousand pounds.

Abstract: The present study was carried out from November (2015) - October (2017) to determine the toxicological effects of pesticides exposure on agricultural application workers. Blood samples of the investigated workers were collected from Giza, Qalyubiyah and El-Buhayrah Governorates, Egypt. Thirty male individuals represented pesticide application workers were involved from the three governorates. Also, 25 male individuals (aged 18-55 years) were selected randomly from Cairo Governorate to represent the unexposed (control) group. Ten ml of blood sample per individual was collected and serological analysis for hematological (RBCs, TLC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC), biochemical (ALT, AST, total protein, urea, creatinine and uric acid) and oxidative stress (GSH.R, MDA and AChE) parameters were carried out. Results: About 53% of workers involved was with an average level of education, between 18 and 35 years of age (57%), working in their field for 6 to 10 years (40%), about eight hours a day for six days a week on average (67%). Hb, MCH, MCHC, ALT, AST, AlP, TP, urea, creatinine and MDA were increased significantly by 5.58, 9.23, 3.75, 55.49, 42.44, 30.07, 6.83, 49.33, 25.48, and 133.02% respectively. While the levels of Alb, GSH.R and AChE activity were significantly decreased by 14.51, 8.33 and 21.04% respectively. a significant positive correlation between exposure duration and ALT, AST, creatinine, urea and MDA. While, there were significant negative correlations between exposure duration and total protein, alkaline phosphatase, AChE Activity, GSH.R, RBCs, Hb, PCV, MCV and MCH. Conclusions: Increasing of pesticide application workers vital parameters gives an indication of the occurrence of various health consequences due to chronic exposure to pesticides. These results can be explained by the fact that the negligence of workers in following occupational safety and health measures from wearing protective tasks, not smoking, drinking and eating during the application of pesticides, resulting from the low awareness of workers about the risks of the materials dealt with and the decrease in their educational and cultural level increases the chances of exposure to the pesticide. On the health of the worker.

Abstract Dried rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae), and dried clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) were irradiated with γ-irradiation by Cobalt-60 as an irradiation source at different doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30kGy) as an effective method for sterilization, pasteurization and food decontamination, considered as safe method , and stored for 12months at room temperature (22±3 0C). The evaluation of irradiation depended on the chemical studies and antioxidant activity of extracted essential oils. Results showed significant difference for the essential oils yield (content %) at different doses during storage time. Compounds were fractionated and identified by GC/MS for extracted essential oils from each of non – irradiated and irradiated dried rosemary leaves and dried clove buds samples, the main components of essential oil extracted from either non-irradiated or irradiated rosemary leaves were 1,8 cineole, camphor and γ-pinene 26.36, 12.63 and 16.98%, respectively, while, eugenol was the major component in clove essential oil (which extracted from non-irradiated and irradiated samples (81.69%). No differences were noticed in the % of essential oils constituents. Antioxidant activity as % of DPPH scavenging increased with the increasing of essential oils concentrations (250 up to 2500ppm). Furthermore, the effect of adding these extracted oils from non-irradiated and irradiated samples as well as their mixture (1:1) on the threshold odor scores of sunflower oil (Mean of acceptable odor levels) was observed. Rancimat test shown the high oxidative stability in sunflower oil supplemented with 0.3% clove essential oil which extracted from 15kGy irradiated sample was 11.99 hrs, its relative stability was 144.11% comparing with the oxidative stability of sunflower oil supplemented with 0.5% rosemary essential oil extracted from non-irradiated sample (9.76hrs) with 117.3% relative stability. Adding different concentrations of rosemary, clove buds essential oils which extracted from different irradiation doses samples and their mixture (1:1) caused slightly increasing in oxidative stability of sunflower oil.

Pot experiments were carried out using sand (collected from Ismailia ARS), in the greenhouse to study the effect of biochar application, on K and P release from their natural bearing minerals i.e.,K- feldspar and rock phosphate and\or bentonite on some growth of maize plants parameters, their P and k uptake and the soil available P and K. sixty three pots ever filled with sand(10 kg each biochar was added to all pots expect control at rates 0,1.5 , 3 ton per fed. The studied mineral are K feldspar and rock phosphate as source of K and P respectively. Bentonite was also studied because it is the most common mineral used for reclamation of sandy soil .Each mineral was added at rate of 0,1.5, 3 ton / fed the pots are as follow : biochar alone , biochar + K feldspar and biochar +bentonite and biochar and rock phosphate . maize was planted as the common way in which maize seed 6 grains for each pot inoculated with P and K solubilizing bacteria were planted . the usual N fertilizer (NH4 )2SO4 200kg /fed and irrigated as needed . Maize grow parameter i.e plant height and dry weight of maize plant were measured after 2 months of plantation . K and P as well as their uptake were measure. Results revealed that, the use of biochar at 3 tons fed-1 in combination with 3 tons of any of feldspar, bentonite or rock phosphate enhanced significantly growth parameters of maize plants compared to the control treatments .The highest values plant length and dry matter were were 89.00 cm, 11.4 g pot-1 against 36.6 cm and 2.8 g pot-1 for the control treatments., same treatments increased significantly P and K uptake of maize plants and the soil available p and K compared to the control treatments. The highest significant values in P uptake were 22.5, 18.3 & 16.7 mg plant-1 for the treatments (3 tons fed-1)of biochar with either 3ton rock phosphate ,3ton bentonite or 3 ton K-feldspar .while K uptake were 63.9, 61.8 & 60.1 mg plant -1 for biochar ( 3 tons fed-1 )with bentonite (3 tons fed-1 ), feldspar (3 tons fed-1 ) and bentonite (1.5 tons fed-1 ). Regarding available P the highest obtained values were 49.3 mg Kg -1 for 3 ton biochar + 3ton rock phosphate , 24.1 mg Kg -1 for 3 ton biochar + 1.5 ton bentonite and 24.0 mg/ kg-1 for 3 ton biochar + 1.5 ton K- feldspar. Increase either K- feldspar or bentonite to 3 ton had negative effect on available p .

The current experiment was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Qualubia governorate, during the oriental hornet active season extended from September 1st until end of December, 2015, to estimate the daily counts of the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis L.) as well as its population dynamics during its active season. The experimental apiary was contained twenty four honeybee colonies, each contented seven frames covered with adult bees and four frames of brood. The wasp’s traps were used for capturing the wasps during the day. The data indicated that, the total numbers of wasps caught in September were 204, 394 and 114 wasps/trap in the three periods, respectively. There were significant differences between all the tested periods where the highest population of wasps caught was during the noon period (12pm – 3pm) followed by the morning period (9am – 12pm), while the afternoon and evening period (3pm – 9am of next day) recorded the lowest population of wasps caught in the traps, the same trend was recorded in October and November months. It also summarized that, the average means of wasps captured for tested months were 8.79, 21.99, 13.42 and 1.10 wasps/trap for September, October, November and December 2015, respectively. The highest population of oriental hornet captured by the traps was recorded during October month, followed by November and September; meanwhile the population captured during December was the lowest, with significant deference between them. For daily count, the mean average numbers of wasps captured by the traps were 10.20, 17.55 and 6.22 wasps/trap for the three periods (9am – 12pm, 12pm – 3pm and 3pm – 9am of next day), respectively. The highest numbers of wasps captured by the traps were recorded during the noon period (12pm – 3pm) followed by morning period (9am – 12pm), meanwhile the afternoon and evening period (3pm – 9am of next day) recorded the lowest numbers of wasps captured by the traps, with significant deference between all the tested period. Overall the highest numbers of oriental hornet captured by wasp’s traps were recorded in October month during the noon period, 12pm – 3pm and averaged (33.15 wasps/trap), followed by November month during the same period 12pm – 3pm (20.50 wasps/trap).