Two field experiments were carried out during two early summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 years at the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate to study the response of snap bean plants Poulista c.v to some agricultural treatments for early green pods yield production using (flowering, amcotone, super phosphate solution compounds) as foliar nutrition, (charcoal, agriculture sulphur and charcoal + agriculture sulphur) as soil addition and( Pea, onion and broad bean) as protection plants, in addition using black polyethylene plastic as a soil mulch. The results indicated that spraying the plants with flowering and amcotone compounds followed by super phosphate solution had the highest values of fresh and dry plant weight. While addingcharcoal to the soil before sowing snap bean seeds gave the highest values of no. of leaves/ plant followed by spraying withflowering and amcotone compounds, respectively. The data showed also that spraying the plants with flowering, amcotone compounds, super phosphate solution, adding charcoal + sulphur and soil mulch with black polyethylene plastic exerted the highest values on all parameter of  green pods its and yield attributes in both growing seasons. Concerning total sugars in dry pods it's clear that using protection plants with broad bean followed byonion were the best treatments on it. Generally it can recommend  using  any one of the mentioned treatments in this experiment especially flowering, amcotone compounds, super phosphate solution, charcoal + sulphur, respectively to obtain high green pod yield  either early or total with the  best quality.

This study aimed to conduct content analysis of Shams agricultural magazine, through: 1) analyzing the content of the magazine’s topics in terms of number and area, 2) analyzing the content of magazine’s images in the covers and internal pages in terms of number and area, and 3) measuring magazine’s readability using Flesch’s equations for reading ease and human interest. In order to achieve these objectives, the study performed the content analysis on the magazine issues published in 2014 (12 issues). Frequencies and percentages were used for result presentation. Findings of the study could be summarized as: the most frequent sections was ads, while the least frequent sections were irrigation, soils and the issue file. Regarding the topics, results show that the most frequent topics were fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and field crops within all magazine’s sections except the agricultural mechanization section. Results also showed that citrus topics has ranked first among fruit crops, cabbage among vegetable crops, wheat & corn among field crops, and timber trees among ornamental plants. The results also reported that all of the magazine’s front covers depends on one single image except one issue which depends on a colored area, fruits images ranked first followed by field crops, medicinal and aromatic crops. Regarding the back cover, one half of the issues relied on one image and the other half depends on more than one image or colored area, and the majority of those pictures belongs to vegetables and fruit crops. The most frequent images within the inside pages were in the ads and horticulture sections, while the least frequent images were in the sections of irrigation and soils. With regard to measuring the magazine’s readability, results shows that the overall average sentence length was 40 word/phrase, which goes beyond the proper average for reading ease. With respect to the human interest, results showed that most of issues (January, April, June, August, October, November, and December) located within the medium suspense category according to the degree of human interest. Overall, the magazine’s human interest degree (14.18) made it a medium suspense magazine according to the Flesch’s human interest formula. At the end, the study concludes some recommendations for improving the contents and readability of Shams agricultural magazine.

Sixteen flax genotypes {13 promising lines This study aimed at: (1) knowing about farmers’ views about advantages, disadvantages of mobile extension service and their suggestions to make this prospective initiative succeed; (2) discovering farmers’ behavioral intentions to use mobile extension service in Assiut governorate; (3) determining the kind of information that farmers will need by using mobile extension service; (4) examining the effect of the six antecedents proposed by Nysveen et al(2005a) on farmers’ behavioral intentions to use mobile extension service. Data were collected by questionnaire from 233 farmers randomly selected from two villages in Assiut governorate. The results showed the advantages, disadvantages of mobile extension service from the viewpoint of the respondents and their suggestions to make this prospective initiative succeed. It came out that the respondents have positive intentions to use mobile extension, and their prospective behavior proceeds to use mobile extension service if it comes into existence. It cleared up that the information needs of farmers by using mobile extension were related to market information (prices, and demand indicators) and know-how information (what to plant and which seed varieties to use). It became clear that the model of Nysveen et al (2005a) was overall significant and the six antecedents of behavioral intentions significantly explains 71% of variance in farmers’ behavioral intentions to use mobile extension service. Finally, based on the results of this study, major recommendations are derived for the potential producers when developing the prospective mobile extension service

Dairy is considered one of the most completed and balanced healthy food needed by human as it contains many important elements and vitamins as well as it protects the body from many diseases. This research aims to identify the current situation of the dairy production and consumption in Egypt in order to know how far is the gap between them. In addition , it studies all factors that affects the production and consumption processes in order to set some recommendations that help in reducing this gap in Egypt. The research refers to the value of dairy production in Egypt that reached about 2.425 billion pounds in 2013, which represent about 8.53% of the agricultural production and 5.24%of the animal production. The annual growth rate for this value during the study period (1995–2013) was about 4.23%.Buffaloes and cows contribute more than 97% of the total dairy production in Egypt, while the goats contribute the remaining. The total dairy production in Egypt reached about 5.554 thousand tons in 2013. This production takes a growing trend with a statistically significance rate of 119.10 thousand tons which represents 4.01%of the annual average of the total dairy production during the period of the research. The research also indicates that there are many factors affecting the quantity produced from dairy in Egypt; the most important of which were the quantity produced from clover, the produced quantity from dry feed, the wholesale price of milk, and the value of loans granted for livestock. The results of the research indicate that there is a proportional effect and statistically significant between each of the quantity produced from clover, the wholesale price of milk ,and the value of loans granted for livestock upon the quantity produced from dairy in Egypt during (1995-2013). The total national consumption of dairy in Egypt was about 6.516 thousand tons in 2013. This consumption takes a growing trend with a statistically significance rate of 156.24 thousands tons which represent 2.68% of the annual average of the quantities consumed during the period of the research. Due to the inability of the local production of dairy in confronting the amount of consumption , a gap between the production and consumption milk has emerged in Egypt estimated at about 962 thousands tons in 2013, which indicates that the self-sufficiency rate did not even exceeded 85.24 % in that year. The research also refers to the factors that affected the quantities consumed of dairy in Egypt which represented in the population, average per capita dairy, average personal income, the average retail price of milk, and the average retail price of eggs . By using the multiple demand function of dairy in Egypt, it was found out that there is a directly relationship and statistically significant between the required quantity and income, while there is an inverse relationship and statistically significant between the required quantity and the retail price of milk. But it did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between the required quantity and each of population and the retail price of eggs.   The research recommended the following   1- The need for attention to cultivate clover and dry feed as it is one of the most important factor responsible for increasing the dairy production in Egypt. 2- There must be an interest in raising Buffaloes and cows to increase its production as they contribute over 97% from the total dairy production in Egypt. 3- Reducing the marketing costs of dairy as much as possible to raise the marketing efficiency 4- Reducing the interest rates on cash loans that specified for developing livestock in the field of dairy production. 5- Providing veterinary care at suitable prices

Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Egypt during spring 2013 and 2014 using summer squash (Cucurbita pepo cv. Eskandarani) for studying the effects of PGPR strains. The objective of the first experiment was to study the efficiency of single, double and triple inoculations of Azospirillum brasilense (AC1), Bacillus subtilis (AC2) and Serratia marcescens (BM1) on summer squash fruit characters. Results showed that the double inoculations of tested PGPR strains in addition to single inoculation with Serratia marcescens produced non-significant higher fruit yield and average fruit weight compared to triple inoculation (AC1+AC2+BM1) and single inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. However, non-inoculated control plants and plants inoculated with Bacillus subtilis showed lower fruit yield and average fruit weight. From the previous results, it concluded that the double inoculation were better than single and triple inoculations. However, the aim of the second experiment was to evaluate the efficiency of PGPR under N and P fertilization levels on plant growth, yield and nutrients uptake of summer squash as well as soil nutrient availability (available N and P). As per main effects, generally, plant growth, fruit yield, nutrients uptake and availability enhanced significantly by increasing N and P levels, except half dose of P which gave statistically equivalent values of plant fresh and dry weight as well as nitrogen uptake in shoots and fruits in addition to P in shoots compared to full dose. Also, main effect of PGPR showed that the inoculated plants gave significantly higher plant growth, fruit yield, nutrient uptake and availability compared to un-inoculated control plants. Inoculated plants with PGPR strains under full dose of N and P gave mostly highest plant growth, fruit yield, nutrients uptake and availability. This effect was at significant level in terms of fruit yield, soil nutrient availability and some nutrients uptake such as K in the shoots and N the fruits. Furthermore, PGPR significantly reduced P fertilizer application without any reduction in squash yield, especially under no and half dose of N fertilizer. Results revealed that the efficiency of PGPR strains increased by P increasing and decreased by N increasing.

The beneficial effects of boron, zinc and active dry yeast on yield and fruit quality of Zaghloul date palm grown at the Experimental Orchard, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt was studied during 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons. The experiment was set up in a complete randomized block design with ten replicates each of one bunch. All treatments were sprayed two times after fruit set and one month later. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: -       Boron, zinc and active dry yeast sprays significantly increased the fruit retention percentage and bunch weight compared to the untreated ones. Yeast application was more effective compared with boron or zinc application. -       Spraying either yeast, boron or zinc at any studied concentration was accompanied with improving fruit quality in terms of significant increase in fruit weight, total soluble solids and sugar contents. No significant differences were detected between spraying with yeast at 250 or 500 ppm, 500 or 1000 ppm zinc, as well as, boron at 1000 or 2000 ppm. Moreover, active dry yeast spraying revealed the highest improvement in palm yield and fruit quality. However, it can be concluded that spraying either boric acid, zinc sulphate or active dry yeast twice after fruit set and one month later increased the palm yield and improved the fruit quality of Zaghloul date palm. Meanwhile, using dry yeast as more effective than both boric acid and zinc sulphate.

Pot trials were conducted under plastic house condition during two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The present study aims to determine the partial replacement of mineral nitrogen fertilization of tomato by nitrogen fixing bacteria with or without adding compost in sandy soil. Tomato seedlings (Lora F1Hybrid) were transplanted during the first week of October into plastic pots (30 cm diameter) filled with 10 kg of sandy soil. Three rates 25, 50 and 75% of the recommended mineral nitrogen in the nutrient solution for tomato with adding compostat 2% and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium brasilense) at 20 ml/plant either individually or in combinationswere investigated on growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato plants compared to 100% of recommended nitrogen only (control). The plants were irrigated daily by drip irrigation and received 200 ml/plant of nutrient solution twice a weekly. The results showed that using 50 or 75% of N-mineral fertilizer + compost + nitrogen fixing bacteria gave the highest values of growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato. It is recommended that 50% of nitrogen mineral fertilizers for tomato plants could be replaced by nitrogen fixing bacteria in presence of compost, which in earn, reduce environment pollution caused by extensive application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers.

The problem of the study in the presence of limited and the fragility of the economic resources and human potential in the agricultural desert communities developing, especially in the beginning of the configuration, including Sahl El -Tina area in Sinai, the study aims to identify the efficient use of resources in the activity of fish farming as agricultural activities was80 farms randomly selected, Sample divided into two category, first category (less than 10 acres) a represents about of 50 farms, Second category (10 acres or more) a representsabout30 fish farmers. The study reached the following results: - The average net return per acre of aquaculture capacitive initial production amounted to about 7, 19 thousand pounds / acre, while at about 11, 94 thousand pounds / acre capacitive productivity second. - The average net value added of aquaculture capacitive initial production amounted to about 61, 88 thousand pounds, while amounted to about 240, 5 thousand pounds capacitive productivity second.   - The rate of return on invested capital capacitive initial production amounted to about 28, 92%, and about 36, 2% and the second capacitive productivity that is higher than the yield of the opportunity cost of the investment, which indicates an increase in economic efficiency of the activity of fish farming. - It turns out that the average capital recovery capacitive productivity initial period of approximately 3,4 years, and the second capacitive production amounted to about 2,76 years which shows the high economic efficiency and productivity for the second capacitive production capacity initial sample study. -Through the study of fish farms sample study problems The main problems in the feed, seed, labor, marketing, security, licensing, financing, site location, and management and through the results of the Likert scale show that the feed problem comes in first in terms of relative importance, followed by the arrangement respectively problem of seed, labor, marketing, security, licenses, while showing low relative importance to the problems of financing, location, and management as the relative importance of each one degree lower than the overall average for the total score.

Physico-chemical properties of honey and honey samples adulterated with glucose or sucrose were determined. Total soluble solids (TSS), pH and electrical conductivity of honey and its adulterated samples ranged between (84.10-84.50%), (3.80-4.63) and (11.73 – 232.32µS), respectively. Sensory properties of honey and its adulterated samples showed that, no differences in the sensorial properties were found in authentic honey and honey adulterated with 25% sucrose or 25% glucose. Increasing adulteration ratio to 50% glucose decreased taste, flavor, color and general appearance, while adulterated honey with 50% sucrose caused significant decrease in taste and general appearance. The possibility of using HPLC to detect adulteration of honey through determining their sugars content was evaluated. The obtained results indicated that, authentic honey was characterized with its higher fructose/glucose ratio (1.21) compared to adulterated honey samples (ranged between 0.35 - 0.94). FT-IR spectroscopic technique was used to evaluate honey quality. Reliability FT-IR for quantitative and qualitative analysis of sucrose, glucose and fructose were evaluated.  The main FT-IR spectral bands of sucrose, glucose and fructose were identified at different concentration levels. The relationship between sugars concentration (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and its spectral bands absorbance (peak height) were evaluated to prepare sugars standard curves and their linear equations. Selected main peaks of sucrose, glucose and fructose provide the best calibration model with correlation coefficient (r2) higher than (0.9). Honey samples adulterated with glucose were characterized with specific spectral peaks, in which the absorbance was increased by increasing the ratio of adulteration with glucose at 1087, 1105, 1189 and 984 cm-1, while the adulteration with sucrose lead to increase in the absorbance of spectral bands of sucrose as 1054, 1149 and 984 cm-1 especially in honey adulterated with 50 % sucrose.

The problem of the search in the presence of large amount of waste is estimated at 74.7 million tons, including agricultural residues, which are estimated at about 23.9 million tons, representing about 32% of the total waste in Egypt without the benefit of full economic, which lead to the waste of economic resources, the study aims to attempt to shed light on the economic efficiency to Recycle agricultural residues to maximize economic benefit the study to the most important results: - Through the study of economic efficiency indicators to manufacture Tons of unconventional fodder of some agricultural residues indicate that the economic feasibility, where the average net revenue secondary outputs crops referred to was about 85,38 pounds (tons and net revenue crop residues of maize production reached a maximum of about 147,5pounds (tons, followed by net revenue remnants of rice crop, cotton, sugar beet, municipal beans about 77.6, 72.2, 69, is 60.6 pounds per ton, respectively. The average profitability of the pound investor secondary outputs of crops referred to was about 0.29 pounds. - The manufacture of organic manure (compost) of agricultural residues of economic feasibility, where the average net revenues of outputs secondary crops referred to hit about standing at 118.6 pounds (tons and net return on remnants of rice crop reached a maximum of about 141 pounds (tons, followed by net revenue crop residues of rice, maize, beans, municipal cotton, sugar beet, about 77.6, 72.2, 69, is 60.6 pounds per ton, respectively. - To examine economic efficiency indicators to rotate tons organic fertilizers from animal waste indicate that the economic feasibility, where it was found that net revenues recycling reached about 154.8 pounds (tons). The study recommended that: - The possibility of making use of agricultural residues and treated to produce organic fertilizers, as a substitute for traditional fodder caravan of chemical fertilizers, and fodder expensive traditional crops estimate net revenue recommends rotating the sample conversion of remnants of corn, rice, cotton to feed non-traditional and rotate remnants of rice, maize, beans to municipal organic fertilizer, where they win economically. - Attention to economic development programs for the recycling of waste and encourage recycling of agricultural waste industry. - Wider dissemination of waste recycling technology through awareness in charge of this process, the economic importance of re-use of these residues.