Egypt has an appropriate environment for the cultivation of many medicinal and aromatic plants of great economic potential all over the world. Chamomile is one of the most important crops, especially in Fayoum governorate, where the average of cultivated area under the traditional farming system about 9.8 thousand feddan in the year 2015 represents about 77% of total traditional chamomile area in the whole country, where organic chamomile production area was approximately 6.3 thousand feddan which represent about 84% of total organic Chamomile production area in whole Egypt. This research aimed to evaluate the economic efficiency for Chamomile production under organic farming system compared with traditional system in Fayoum governorate over the growing season 2015 -2016 in the short-run and long-run based on preliminary data of a random sample of traditional and organic chamomile farms. A simple random sample was taken from three districts in Fayoum  governorate (Ebshway, Etsa and Youssef El Siddiq), with 75, 60 individuals for both traditional and organic farms respectively, each sample was divided into two categories; the first category (0.5 feddan – 1 feddan), the second category (1.5 feddan - 2 feddan). Analytical procedures were utilized in processing and analyzing the data. Multiple regressions were used to reach the basic findings of this research. Production and Cost function was specified and estimated, in order to derive some indicators of economic efficiency, production efficiency and economic of scale. The results showed that the total production elasticity for both the selected sample farms in the short and long run, indicating that all farms are produced in the first non-economic phase of the Law of diminishing returns.  The results showed that the net return of organic farms was higher than traditional farms by 63.6% and 52.1% for the first and second category farms, respectively.

Agricultural mechanization is considered one of the most important agricultural technological methods for making fundamental changes in the agricultural sector. Therefore, Egypt has worked on two main axes: horizontal and vertical expansion, using modern agricultural technology, which is one of the important tools of development in the agricultural sector because it has a positive impact on vertical expansion. The study aimed to review the current state of agricultural mechanization at Egypt level and the governorate of Sharkia governorate to find out the availability of modern agricultural machinery and equipment and study the relations of substitution and complementarity between these machines and each other and the relationship of these machines to the crop area and productivity of wheat in Egypt. The most important results were: The number is increasing of tractors, ploughs, shooters, seeders irrigation machines, hoe machines, pesticides sprayers, harvesters, threshing machines in Egypt and Sharkia governorate, The increase in the number of prisons in Egypt and the decrease in the Sharkia of seed dill, and the decrease in the number of transplanters in Egypt and Sharkia governorate. The relationships between agricultural machinery (tractors, ploughs, irrigation machines, hoe machines, pesticides sprayers, harvesters, and, threshing machines) are both linear and statistically significant. This means that there is a complementarity between these machines and each other, As well as relations between the agricultural machinery and the seeders, seed drill and transplanters where the relationship either be positive but they are significantly less  than the equivalent of other machines are either positive or negative, but not statistically significant and therefore it has nothing to do with the other.  There is no statistically significant relationship between the productivity of wheat in Egypt and Sharkia governorate and the machinery (tractors, ploughs, seed drill, hoe machines, harvesters, threshing machines). Decreased total average area per tractor for wheat crop in Egypt and Sharkia governorate. There was no statistically significant relationship between the average crop area for each tractor and the production of wheat crop in Egypt. In Sharkia governorate, the relationship is inverse and statistically significant. There is a statistically significant correlation between the average area per tractor for wheat yield in Egypt and the average area per tractor for wheat crop in Sharkia governorate. There was no statistically significant correlation between the number of tractors and the productivity and the average yield area per tractor for wheat yield for both Egypt and Sharkia governorate. The agricultural mechanization is still in its early stages, economic relations either do not exist or take different signals. The statistical significance of the development of the number of machines at Egypt level or the Sharkia governorate for the first strategic crop in Egypt is not proven. Hence, agricultural mechanization in its broad sense is the use of modern technology in increasing production Which has not yet been achieved and hopes and efforts are required to pursue better policies to achieve the desired goals

Egyptian radish sterilized seeds were sprouted for 3 days using tap and saline water NaCl 2000 ppm to study sprout characters, chemical composition, protein fraction and safety aspects such as microbiological examinations and biogenic amines were investigated at 3 days old. The results indicated that sterilized seeds increased sprout growth compared with non-sterilized. Seeds sprouting increased in protein content, moister, ash and fibers while carbohydrate, lipid content and energy decrease in etiolated sprouts. Using saline water and seeds sterilization for sprouting increased albumin, globulin and glutenin fractionation but decreased prolamin compared with sprouts produced with tap water and without seed sterilization.  Using sterilization by 2% calcium hypochlorite of seeds before sprouting led to decreasing in total bacterial count compared with non-sterile seeds sprouts, the same was in total coliform, total yeast and total fungi counts. The sprouts product which washed with saline water was contain total bacterial count less than which washed by tap water. All sprouts under investigation were free from feacal coliform and all examined pathogenic microorganism under investigation like Staph. aureus, B. cereus and Salmonella spp.  Use sterilized seeds for sprouting caused big decrement on biogenic amines content of radish sprout. Radish sprout contain biogenic amines but it is lower than previous ranges, sprouts can be considered a safe food and germination of seeds either use tap or saline water.

Productivity efficiency is defined as a measure of the efficiency or efficiency of a particular production component of the production component when used with other elements. This section will address the estimation of the production functions and production efficiency of onion crop in Beni Suef Governorate. Problem and purpose of research To identify the most important problems and obstacles faced by onion production farmers in Beni Suef Governorate Of its strategic importance in Beni Suef Governorate. In light of this, the study aimed to identify the most important problems and problems faced by onion farmers in Beni Suef Governorate, the development of Egyptian onion production. Studying the functions of producing onion crop in sandy  soils to find out the most important elements of production that affect its production. Study the cost functions of the onion crop in the land to the sandy to find out the most important elements of production that affect the production. The total production elasticity was 1.12, with production elasticity in the first 0.77 category, while the second category production flexibility was 1.2. Where the productive flexibility in the third category was 1.01. The cost categories revealed that the total cost elasticity was 0.23, with cost elasticity in the first category of 0.09, indicating the elasticity of the costs of the second category 2.1, where the elasticity of the costs of the third category was 0.30.

The effect of prior heat shock on the thermotolerance of Staphylococcus aureus in broth culture and induction of heat shock proteins was investigated. S . aureus cell wall was, also, examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Specific bacteria were grown at 37°C the optimum temperature (control), sublethally heated at 47, 52, 57 and 60°C for various times, and heat treated at 68°C were done. The estimated average of the D68-values for the control was 4.83 min while for heat shocked treatments ranged from 5.43 to 10.23 min. The current results, also, indicated that 8 - 16 new bands were induced by applying heat shock treatments with molecular weights ranged from 9 to 135 KDa. The induced heat shock proteins further confirmed the increased the thermotolerance. Moreover, selected heat shock treatments caused severe destruction in cell wall (i.e., rupture, irregular and leakage of cell contents), while heat shocked cells after incubating at 37°C for overnight in enriched medium became similar to that of the one’s normal. The enhanced heat resistance of S. aureus should be thought-about in cause of planning effective thermal processes to confirm the microbiological food safety.

Sweet whey was used as medium for microbial alginate production by Azotobacter chrococcum NCBI MH249629. To optimize alginate production and achieve high yield of alginate, sweet whey medium was prepared using different lactose concentrations (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 g/L), added organic and inorganic nitrogen sources (yeast extract, Malt extract, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate), kept at different temperatures (25, 30, 32, 35 & 37ºC), different pH values (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),  different agitation speed (100, 120, 150, 170 & 200 rpm), different inoculum size (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10%) and cultivated for different fermentation time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 & 120h). After fermentation time, produced microbial alginate was measured. The results showed that sweet whey could be used as a fermentation medium by Azotobacter chrococcum to produce microbial alginate. The highest yield of alginate (12.56%) as well as productivity of alginate (0.08 g/L/h) was obtained by fermentation of Azotobacter chrococcum in sweet whey medium optimized to 45 g/L lactose concentration as a carbon source and by providing the following conditions which yeast extract 1.5 g/L and ammonium nitrate 0.1 g/L as a nitrogen source and growth promoter, Na2HPO4 1 g/L as mineral salts, Initial pH at 7, size of standard inoculums was 9 % of fermentation medium and the incubation period was 72 hrs.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ensiling and /or exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplementation date press cake using in vitro batch culture technique . Untreated date press cake (DPC) and ensiled DPC with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (ZAD1 and ZAD2) and with or without adding urea compared to corn grains were in vitro evaluated using batch culture technique. DM, NDF and ADF degradation and total gas production as well as fermentation parameters of the incubated samples were determined after 24 h of fermentation. Total VFAs, proportions are not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the treatments. However, value of ammonia concentration was higher (P < 0.05) with ZAD2+U group and urea group than date press cake (DPC). The pH value was highest (P>0.05) with the ensiling treatments. There were no significant differences in the values of DMD and OMD between the different treatments. But, the values of NDFD and ADFD were increased (P<0.05) in the corn group. Total gas production had no difference (P>0.05) between the corn grain and the DPC without any treatments. While, values of metabolizable protein (MP) and efficiency of microbial biomass production (EMP) were increased (p<0.05) with DPC compared to corn grains . There was no significant difference in the rumen activity when using date press cake (DPC) or corn grains. Moreover, the ensiling process did not cause a clear improvement in rumen fermentation.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) belongs to legumes reducing atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically through Rhizobia Spp. into proteins in a process leaves no carbon footprint. However, chickpea is highly susceptible to viral diseases, which limits productivity. Therefore, the current study is conducted, in two seasons (2015/2016, 2016/2017) to evaluate the symbiotic efficiency of Mesorhizobia in reducing the damage occurs in chickpea if was infected by chickpea yellow mosaic virus (CpYMV). For this aim, One viral (CpYMV) and two Mesorhizobial isolates (MS3All, MS8All) are isolated from open-fields of chickpea plants. Three chickpea experimental lines (F.07-268, F.07-258 and F.0744) and one Egyptian cultivar (Giza195) are dually infected by CpYMV and either of MS3All and MS8All. Then, infected plants are grown in pots in open-air at the cultivation area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University (Shoubra). The results indicated that the viral infection led to a reduction in the dry weight of root (DWR) and shoot (DWS), the ratio of root-to-shoot (RSR) dry weight, the nodule counts (NN), the photosynthetic pigments and the nitrogen content (N2). Interestingly, the dry weight of nodules (DWN) is significantly increased in dually infected plants. Uniinoculated Chickpea using either of the two isolates of Mesorhizobia showed significant increase in all phenotypic parameters when virus infection is included; except for DWN that decreased com pared to control viral-infected plants but no mesorhizobia. The current study suggests that bacterial inoculation using Mesorhizobia is significantly reduced damaging effects of the virus on chickpea. Moreover, the MS3All isolate is suggested the more effective than MS8All and the experimental chickpea lines F.07-258 and F.07-44 had the highest significant levels of N2 for shoot than F.07-268 and Giza195 lines.

The present work is concerned with optimization the process parameter of the production of fungal α-amylase enzyme by Aspergillus niger ATCC 102 and Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 6270 using solid-state fermentation (SSF) process on two agro-industrial by-products. Different cultural parameter and conditions such as moisture content of prepared agro-industrial by-product (30 to 70%), fermentation period (12 to 120 h.) and incubation temperature (25-35°C) were optimized to obtain the maximum yield of α-amylase activity. The study is concerned to produce fungal αamylase on agro-industrial by-products such as inner layers of sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) (SCB) and corn gluten meal (Zea mays) after addition of germ cake and corn steep liquor (CGM ) were used as solid substrates. The optimum conditions for SSF as follows temperature at 30°C and two moisture content level (60 - 30%) for SCB by Aspergillus niger and CGM after addition of germ cake and corn steep liquor by two fungal strains, respectively and incubation period of 72, 48, 24 hours for SCB by Aspergills niger, CGM by two fungal strains, respectively and SCB by Aspergillus oryzae, producing α-amylase activity 3.49U/g (solid substrate) with SCB by SSF after 24 hours by Aspergillus niger, whereas 3.78U/g (solid substrate) by Aspergillus oryzae after 48 hours. The highest record of amylase activity was obtained on SCB by SSF 3.49U/g (solid substrate) after 24 hours by Aspergillus niger, whereas 3.78U/g (solid substrate) by Aspergillus oryzae  after 48 hours. Optimum α-amylase enzyme activity was observed at 30°C. Utilization of agroindustrial by-product provides an alternative method and value-addition in cost effectiveness of bioprocess. The obtained results demonstrated that, the potential application of the used strategy for αamylase enzyme production from agro-industrial by-products.

This paper focuses on treated date seed with two cellulolytic bacteria (Acetobacter xylinum and Thermonospora fusca) isolated from sheep and evaluated these species by Invitro gas production and metabolism trail.  We evaluated the influence of many rations contain several percentage from date seed untreated and treated on In vitro traild for DM,OM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose disappeara (samples incubated for 24 hrs). the best ration used in metabolism trail . The experimental work was conducted in 2017, at the Department of Animal Production, faculty of agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and the experiment of the farm animals occurred in the Animal Production research institute.  Our results in this revealed that the ration content 25% untreated and treated with bacteria  had significant values on NDF, ADF and hemicellulose degradability after 24 hours, especially treatment 2 (Thermonospora fusca) of date seed. In  the experimental ration with ascending level of untreated and treated date seed  had not significant effect on pH value while more effect on total gas production (GP),ammonia, TVFA’s, MP, EMP and  metabolizable energy ME (Mcal/ g). The differences were significant (P<0.05) between control ration and other experimental  rations. Furthermore, ration content date seed treated (R3) had the highest values of DM, OM, CF and EE digestibility. It could be noticed that improving CP, CF and cell wall constituents (NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose) digestibility may be due to the increasing number of rumen cellulolytic bacteria. In conclusion, the bacterial treatment (Acetobacter xylinum and Thermonospora fusca) with date seed successfully to improve chemical compostion of date seed and Invitro digestiability specially ration contain 25% from total dry matter.  It showed that the strain (Thermonospora fusca) was  the best in In vitro fermentation . Digestibility indicated that ration contain treated date seed (R3) was high DM, OM, ADF and nitrogen than other rations.  It was concluded that treated date seed can replace concentrate in rations and improve In vitro degradability, digestibility trail and no effect on rumen and blood parameters without adversely affecting on helthy animals.