This study was carried out through two consecutive seasons 2016 and 2017 to investigate the effect of spraying with some antioxidants on vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality and nutritional status of twelve years old Navel orange trees on sour orange rootstock grown in a private orange orchard in Qalubia Governorate, Egypt cultivated in a silty clay loam soil. This experiment involved three antioxidant materials named (salicylic acid, citric acid and folic acid) and each one spraying by three levels of each of with (250, 500 and 1000 ppm) from each salicylic, citric and folic acid plus control treatment so the experiment included ten treatments. Selected trees were spraying three times (at the beginning of the growth cycle in March, just after fruit setting in May and just after June drop in July) by aqueous solution of salicylic acid, citric acid and folic acid until the point of runoff. The highest values of vegetative growth were obtained by spraying 500 ppm salicylic acid, 1000 ppm citric acid and 500 ppm folic acid. Regarding to yield, results pointed out that the foliar spraying with 500 ppm salicylic acid, 500 ppm citric acid and 250 ppm folic acid gave the highest values of yield. Treatments 500 ppm salicylic acid, 250 ppm citric acid and 250 ppm folic acid gave the highest values of physical and chemical fruit properties. In respect to nutrients content, the highest values of macronutrients were obtained by spraying 250 ppm folic acid, while that spraying 1000 ppm salicylic acid and 250 ppm folic acid gave the highest values of micronutrients. Therefore, using treatments 500 ppm salicylic acid, 500 ppm citric acid and 250 ppm folic acid may be recommended from economical point of view and as good treatments for enhancing Navel orange growth, yield, fruit quality and nutritional status especially under old citrus orchards.

Medicinal and aromatic plants are considered to be non-traditional, multi-use crops, both in their direct form and in their indirect form, through the extraction and use of active substances in the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, perfumery, cosmetics and soap, either in the form of pills, plants or medicinal and aromatic herbs. The cultivated area of medicinal and aromatic plants in Egypt amounted to about 46.2 thousand feddans with a percentage of 0.27% of the crop area of about 15.525 million feddans in the agricultural season (2011-2018). The cultivated area of the study crops was about 20.21 thousand feddans, The company has about 48.15% of the area of medicinal and aromatic plants during the period (2011-2018), and Egypt is located in the markets of medicinal and aromatic plants worldwide, with a trade volume of more than 60 billion dollars annually, which is a major exporter of 158.94 million dollars Which is equivalent to about 1127.038 million pounds in 2014 representing about 3.07%, 0.594% of the camel The value of Egyptian agricultural exports and total exports of 36.711, 189.741 billion pounds respectively in 2014, the problem of the study is that the cultivated areas of medicinal and aromatic plants are limited and fluctuating and low in some cases, where in recent years the areas of latency and rumen decreased from about 5,545,99759 years 2010, 2017, 2016 to about 5.152, 98759 acres in 2018, and although it is profitable crops for the farmer and the new land can be a good solution to compensate for the cost of reclamation, and this reflects on the domestic production of the failure to meet the needs of export and meet the needs of the company V Local of medicinal and aromatic plants. In spite of the urgent need to increase exports, the deficit in the Egyptian trade balance is about 329.085 billion pounds in  2017. The study examined the productive and economic indicators of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants in Egypt. The cultivated areas of the study crops declined. The latency decreased by 5.1% With an average area of about 3,616 feddan and an average area of about 3651 feddan, while the average area of the basil was about 10.685 thousand feddans, while the average value of cash amounted to about 29,072, 41.561 million pounds for the quail and basil respectively, The value of their exports continues to rise by 10.6%, 15.42% from the average of 3866.8 and 2553 thousand dollars respectively for the period of study, as well as the increase in quantities exported from cumin and monetary value by 11.79% from the average of 1047 tons and 16.45% The statistical estimate of the production of the most important medicinal and aromatic plant crops in the sample of the study, Cumin and Rihan, was examined to determine the economic efficiency and productivity of the agricultural resources available and used for each and their importance in Egyptian agriculture, Illustrates the high economic efficiency of the majority of the elements of production of crops, cumin, basil sample study of farmers Samalout and Beni Mazar of basil in Beni Suef governorate, low economic efficiency of the element of seeds in crop cumin, manure and municipal phosphate crop basil which requires rationalization of the use by farmers of cumin sample study. The study also included the statistical estimation of the production cost functions of the most medicinal and aromatic plants in the sample of the study. Finally, the study dealt with the quantity, value and price of Egyptian exports of basil and cumin.

The present study was conducted to prepare nano-chitosan particles (CN) by ultrafine grinding  from crude chitosan powder (CC) using a ball mill with 130 numbers of zirconia beads in range from 0.5 to 1.5 mm diameter (75 beads 0.5 mm diameter, 30 beads 1.0 mm diameter and 25 beads 1.5 mm diameter). In addition, physical and rheological properties of chitosan solutions were determined. The results revealed that ultrafine grinding has effectively milled the chitosan particles to nanoscale. Prepared chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by  devices  X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Zetasizer particle sizes and Zeta potential of chitosan particles (after milling for 30, 60 and 90 minutes). The particle size of nano-chitosan was distributed in a range of 250-600 nm. with a polydispersity index use as an anti-oxidant and antimicrobial with reducing the amount used to deliver the desired purpose. Additional research is required to further investigate the potential value-added utilization of these chitosan derivatives in improving the quality and safety of some food products.

The purpose of this study is to improve texture, flavor and overall quality of low-fat white soft cheese. Using sodium caseinate (SC) and / or butter milk powder (BMP) in different ratios. Buffalo’s milk was divided into two portions. The first portion was standardized to 3% fat and served as a control (1). The second portion was standardized to 1% fat and sub divided into five parts, the first part was served as control (2), the second part fortified with 2% SC (T1), the third part fortified with 2% BMP (T2), forth part fortified with 1% SC + 1% BMP (T3) and fifth part fortified with 0.5% SC + 1.5% BMP (T4). All cheese treatments stored in salted whey (5% NaCl) at 5±2°C up to 3 months. The results indicated that, control (2) had obviously lower moisture content than control (1). Addition of sodium caseinate and / or butter milk powder to cheese milk led to an increase in moisture content of resultant cheese compared to control (2). A slight increase was observed in total nitrogen % of low-fat all soft cheese treatments versus control (2) being more obvious in T2 and T3. Low-fat soft cheese treatments were characterized by higher soluble nitrogen % than control (2). Moreover, the results showed also that, replacing of milk fat with SC + BMP caused a decrease in hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, chewiness and gumminess in fresh cheese compared to control (2). Sensory properties of Low-fat soft cheese were highly improved by adding SC + BMP to cheese milk as a fat replacer. Low-fat soft cheese was most preferable in T3 with adding SC + BMP (1:1), those improved the compositional as well as the organoleptical properties, especially its body and texture of low fat brined soft cheese after 90 days of cold storage.

The poultry industry in Egypt is one of the most important industries that contribute in providing the source of animal protein, which is characterized by high nutritional value, cheap price and high conversion coefficient of food compared to red meat. This industry is characterized by several characteristics, the most important speed of turnover of capital as well as not need a large agricultural patch, In addition to the relative increase in food conversion efficiency compared to other types of animals. The industry is also characterized by high return and low capital required to invest in this field compared to other productive projects. The problem of research is the high price of the prices of the inputs of the production of poultry and the low quality of the market, and fluctuation of market prices of the final output, which affects the revenue and thus affect the size of the economic project. Therefore, the study aimed at estimating the economic yield of the poultry farms in the fattening nurseries in Qalyubia governorate. These farms are characterized by a short cycle of the capital cycle in order to contribute to raising the level of individual income in the rural sector. It also provides job opportunities for young people. Of the animal protein, and based on published data and the use of field study for a sample of the municipality of Qalyubia, the research reached some results, including:  1- The average number of farms of broiler fattening was about 1.6 thousand farms by 6.67% of the total number of farms at the level of the province of Qalyubia. 2- The study of the most important problems and obstacles facing the poultry growers found that the problems of production and marketing were the high prices of chicks used in fattening, lack of quality chick, high feed prices, the lack of trained labor, the problem of control of traders and brokers in price, and the problem of irregular market price . 3- By dividing the sample of the study into three production capacities, it was found that the net yield of the first capacity (12.9-6 thousand birds) amounted to 308.9 thousand pounds / cycle, and net return of the second capacity (less than 6 thousand - more than 3.6 thousand birds) LE 323.2 thousand / cycle, while it amounted to about 274.1 thousand pounds / cycle for the third capacity (3.6 - 0.8 thousand birds). 4- The estimated profitability of the pound for the investor for the three capacities (first, second and third) was respectively 1.05, 1.12, 1.31 thousand pounds.

Pot experiments were carried out using sand (collected from Ismailia ARS), in the greenhouse to study the effect of biochar application, on K and P release from their natural bearing minerals i.e.,K- feldspar and rock phosphate and\or bentonite on some growth of maize plants parameters, their P and k uptake and the soil available P and K. sixty three pots ever filled with sand(10 kg each biochar was added to all pots expect control at rates 0,1.5 , 3 ton per fed. The studied mineral are K feldspar and rock phosphate as source of K and P respectively. Bentonite was also studied because it is the most common mineral used for reclamation of sandy soil .Each mineral was added at rate of 0,1.5, 3 ton / fed the pots are as follow : biochar alone , biochar + K feldspar and biochar +bentonite and biochar and rock phosphate . maize was planted as the common way in which maize seed 6 grains for each pot inoculated with P and K solubilizing bacteria were planted . the usual N fertilizer (NH4 )2SO4 200kg /fed and irrigated as needed . Maize grow parameter i.e plant height and dry weight of maize plant were measured after 2 months of plantation . K and P as well as their uptake were measure. Results revealed that, the use of biochar at 3 tons fed-1 in combination with 3 tons of any of feldspar, bentonite or rock phosphate enhanced significantly growth parameters of maize plants compared to the control treatments .The highest values plant length and dry matter were were 89.00 cm, 11.4 g pot-1 against 36.6 cm and 2.8 g pot-1 for the control treatments., same treatments increased significantly P and K uptake of maize plants and the soil available p and K compared to the control treatments. The highest significant values in P uptake were 22.5, 18.3 & 16.7 mg plant-1 for the treatments (3 tons fed-1)of biochar with either 3ton rock phosphate ,3ton bentonite or 3 ton K-feldspar .while K uptake were 63.9, 61.8 & 60.1 mg plant -1 for biochar ( 3 tons fed-1 )with bentonite (3 tons fed-1 ), feldspar (3 tons fed-1 ) and bentonite (1.5 tons fed-1 ). Regarding available P the highest obtained values were 49.3 mg Kg -1 for 3 ton biochar + 3ton rock phosphate , 24.1 mg Kg -1 for 3 ton biochar + 1.5 ton bentonite and 24.0 mg/ kg-1 for 3 ton biochar + 1.5 ton K- feldspar. Increase either K- feldspar or bentonite to 3 ton had negative effect on available p .

Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi, et al. (1995) is one of the most important bacterial diseases over the world. This study was planned to control the disease using interaction between biotic and abiotic agents, under greenhouse experiment. In vitro, tested bactericides (gentamycin, ceflaxcin and copper sulphate) were decreased growth of R. solanacerum compared with control treatment. Copper sulphate was the most effective compared with ceflaxcin and gentamycin, but ceflaxcin was moderately effective and gentamycin was less effective against the pathogen. Inhibition zone diameter was increased with increasing concentrations of tested bactericides. Application of different bio-agent isolates (Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtitlis, Bacillus megaterium and Serratia mareacescne) were reduced the growth of the pathogen compared with control treatment. B. subtilis isolate was the most effective, but isolates of Ps. fluorescens and B. megaterium were moderately effective and S. marescences isolate was less effective against the pathogen. Greenhouse experiments, disease severity were decreased and potato yield were increased with interaction between bio-agents (Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescence isolates) and bactericides (gentamycin and ceflaxcin), or bio-agents and resistance inducers factors (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) or bactericides and resistance inducers factors compared with control treatment. However, interaction between bio-agents as tuber treatment and bactericides as soil drench treatment or interactions between bactericides as soil drench treatment and resistance inducers as foliar treatment were the most effective against the disease and the yield. But, interactions between bio-agents as soil drench treatment and resistance inducers as foliar treatment were moderately effective to control the disease and the yield. But, interaction between ceflaxcin as bactericide and Ps. fluorescens isolate as bio-agent or salicylic acid as resistance inducer were the most effective on disease severity and the yield compared with other treatments, but interaction between B. subtilis isolate as bio-agent and jasmonic acid as resistance inducer were less effective compared with other treatment.

The use of food additives must be under control  specially with the improvement of many diseases such as cancer disease which became the most threaten disease all over the world, although there had become more health aware and medical culture, many unhealthy food products are  being consumed increasely, so it became very important to study some food product’s mutagenicity. Detecting mutagenicity with short term assay with high percentage sensitivity are specifications available at Ames test with the mutated Salmonella typhimiurium strains and the reverse growth of the mutated bacteria was an indicator to the sample tested mutagenicity .The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding sodium nitrite salt with various levels on mutagenicity in two of processed meat products (pastirma and luncheon) using Ames test. The results gave  in the tested samples  sign of mutagenicity at low concentrations and high reverse growth at higher concentrations , sodium nitrite extract gave highest mutagenicity at 10% (1.5 ml dose ) concentration , pastirma extract gave highest mutagenicity at 10% concentration (2 ml dose ) and luncheon extract gave highest mutagenicity at 100% concentration.

This research was generally aimed at conducting an economic study to evaluate the Beheira Governorate Rural Development Project Phase II, because of the availability of data necessary to carry out the ordinary economic and financial assessment, As one of the leading rural development projects in Egypt financed by of the Bank and the African Development Fund, where research has been aimed at studying the vulnerabilities to avoid them in the future, and strengths to sustain and develop it and increase its efficiency, and this can only be achieved through a systematic scientific assessment of the project.  It was one of the most important findings of the research that the project was characterized by rates of performance exceeding the target of the project in most of its activities. In addition to the feasibility of the project from the point of view of the financial and economic assessment, Despite  the fact that the project is an agricultural development and most of its activities are not for profit, Despite the fact that the project is an agricultural development and most of its activities are not for profit, it achieved an internal rate of return of about 12.3% and achieved a positive net present value of about 7.7 million pounds, and The project has succeeded in recovering its capital in about two and a half years. The project has added value to beneficiaries of about 23.6 million pounds while achieving a national added value of about 10.5 million pounds and the social surplus rate is about 10. 2 million pounds, However, it is noted that the project spent a lot of money in the training activity, due to the limited education and lack of expertise among the beneficiaries and the lack of skilled labor, which led the project to pump a large part of the project funding for training activities.

ve seasons, 2012 and 2013 in a private orchard in Barshom vallage located at El-Kalubia Governorate Egypt. Washington Navel Orange trees (Citrus Sinensis) budded on sour orange rootstock (Citrus aurantium, L.) were 7- years- old and planted at 5 x 5 meters under basin irrigation system. This investigation aimed to study the effect of selenium (Se) levels (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 ppm)  as foliar spray on growth, yield, fruit quality, leaf mineral content and enzymes activity of Washington Navel orange trees. The obtained data showed that, selenium had a significant promotive effect on growth, yield, fruit quality, leaf mineral content and enzymes activity of Washington Navel orange trees. Results indicated that treatment of Se at 40 ppm gave the highest significant results, whereas, treatment 160 ppm gave the highest fruit selenium content.