The effect of benzyl adenine (BA) at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg l-1 on micropropagation of banana shoot tips was studied. This study also included the morphological responses of banana shoot tips especially with 0 & 6 mg l-1 of BA treatments in relation to some biochemical compositions (total soluble phenols, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids). Growth in 6  mg l-1 of BA resulted in increase in the most morphological parameters compared to the rest treatments. The results showed that 6 mg l-1 of BA treatment significantly increased fresh and dry weights, number of shootlets, shootlet and root length and number of leaves and roots/plantlet as compared without BA. Accumulation of total soluble sugars, free amino acids and chlorophylls was enhanced by 6 mg l-1 of BA while the reverse was true with the rest biochemical compositions (total soluble phenols and carotenoids). The biochemical status and BA treatment at 6 mg l-1 during micropropagation of shoot tips in banana may be important for the development and optimization of strategies for large scale propagation and germplasm conservation.

Egyptian agricultural lands are subject to many constraints and challenges which negatively impact the ability of the state to produce the food needs of the present and the inability to provide food needs As a result of the difficulty of reexploiting the land in agricultural activity with the same efficiency, only by providing a large amount of financial resources that were supposed to be directed to the development of the agricultural sector and improve the standard of living of the population. The research aims to study the role of agricultural policies in the development and protection of agricultural land, The results showed, the land area of the first class declined to less than 45% during the period (1996-2000), The total area of agricultural land that has been violated since 1983 until 1/10/2017 about 318.5 thousand acres, of  which about 27 thousand acres, the percentage of the removal of the violations of about 30.20 % Since 25/1/2011 until 1/10/2017. It is expected that the proportion of agricultural land of the total area of the total area of Egypt  about 3.88% in 2016 and will be about 4.06% in 2020, an increase of about 1.4%, representing about 52.6% from 1990 .The results of the analysis showed that the area will increase in the coming years, Means that the policies are in the right direction towards the sustainability of agricultural land resources with the need to follow up and develop solutions that reduce and respond to the deterioration and decline of agricultural land in Egypt to achieve sustainable agricultural development.

ones are the most dominant in the new reclaimed areas in Egypt. The main production constraints of this type  of  soil  are  low in organic carbon,  porosity,  stable aggregates, water retention capacity, and biological  activities. Agriculture soil should have not only a good structure but also a good structure which can persist for a long time (e.g., a structure of high quality and stability). Soil aggregates are structural units of soil, which create complex pore systems controlling gas and water storage and fluxes in soil. Formation and stability of natural soil aggregates are affected by dozens of different factors and their individual effects are hardly distinguishable. Therefore, to observe more clear the mechanisms governing their water and mechanical stability, it was found necessary to  study soil  aggregates. In that sence, some studies showed encouraging findings of increasing soil stable aggregates due to using different soil conditioners. The objective of this work is to assess some extracellular polysaccharides biopolymers, i.e., Dextran, Alginate, Xanthan, Pullulan, and Curdlan, which were produced in our laboratory under the most suitable production conditions, to test their effects on the physical proprerties of soil taken   from Toshka region at Aswan Governorate of Egypt. Data showed that soil porosity and MWDwet values have significant differences between all treatments and control under un-leaching processes. On the Other hand, in leaching processes, significant differences between all treatments and control were observed except in some treatments that using lower ratios of Pullulan and Curdlan biopolymers (i. e. 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%). Generally, the beneficial order of enhancement of aggregate stability was obtained with Dextran, followed by Alginate, Xanthan, Pullulan, and Curdlan.

Pots experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ. during the seasons of 2015 and 2016 to investigate the effect of grafting on salt tolerance of watermelon plants. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus, Hybrid F1) Aswan1 was grafted onto the rootstock of Flexifort pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata) and irrigated with four different concentrations of NaCl (0.0, 2000, 4000, 6000 ppm). Two samples were taken at  20 and 40 days after planting (DAP). Plant height, leaf numbers and area, branches number, root length, and shoot and root fresh and dry weights were negitavly affected by salinity in ungrafted plants and this effect was directly proportional to NaCl concentrations. On the contrary, grafting positively affected the aforementioned parameters and minimized the harmful effect of salinity. Furthermore, grafted plants showed higher growth vigor comparing with ungrafted control plants or plants received the same treatment of NaCl and these effects were mostly siginificant. An increase in membrane permeability (MP) was detected at 20 and 40 DAP by application of different levels of NaCl salinity and this effect was positively correlated with NaCl concentration. Grafted plants showed decreasing in MP with 12.7% higher LRWC than ungrafted plants. Under 2000, 4000, 6000 NaCl ppm salinity levels, the values of salt injury index recorded 15.1, 26.5 and 37.5 in ungrafted plants at 20 DAP comparing with 0.0, 6.9 and 12.9 in grafted ones.

Possibility of manipulating some of the efficient strains of fluorescent pseudomonads to manage the root-infecting pathogens of maize was studied throughout this study.  Out of 110 isolates 24 of Pseudomonas species, recovered from the plant rhizosphere showed to have inhibitory effect against two major root-infecting pathogens of maize, namely Cephalosporium maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in vitro. Pot experiment revealed that just 4 isolates could reduce infection with both pathogens and enhance the plant growth as well. Based on the genotypic identifications of these four isolates showed that they were: Pseudomonas putida strain Pau9, P. putida strainPau11, P. putida strain Psf3 and P. aeruginosa strain Psf9.

Tillage erosion is one of the main causes of land degradation. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of tillage systems (up and downslope and contour tillage), soil conditions (consolidated and loosened soils), tillage depth, speed and slope on tillage erosion rate. Field experiments of variable slopes (3 - 16%) were established on sandy soil of Wadi El Ramala, west Mersa Matruh City. Soil translocation as affected by tillage systems and soil conditions were examined. In addition, soil losses by tillage erosion and water erosion were measured and evaluated. The experimental results showed that the average displacement distance is a function of gradient slopes, soil condition, tillage system, depth and speed. The validation of the soil translocation model developed by (Van Muysen et al 2000), under different gradient slopes, tillage depth, speed and soil condition were evaluated. This validation showed that variations in tracer displacement distance can be successfully predicted. Consequently, such model can be used under sandy soil. Finally, experiment results showed that tillage operations with a chisel plow under present agricultural practices are responsible for the major field redistribution of soil. Furthermore, it is clear that tillage of a loosened soil is far more erosive than tillage of a consolidated soil, where the tillage transport coefficient (K) was 105 kg.m-1 per tillage operation for consolidated soil and 179 kg.m-1 for loosened soil under contour tillage. However, 256 kg.m-1 per tillage prevailed for consolidated soil and 454 kg.m-1 for loosened soil under up and downslope tillage treatments.

The cropping pattern considers how to use the available agriculture resources from land, water, farmers ,capital and information technology. Thus the main objective of this study determines the optimum cropping pattern that will maximize net return and maximize net return of irrigation water . To achieve the main objective of this study the method of  Goal programming .has used .The results of research shown that: The available area was about 14.63 million Fadden has been fully used , The model maximize the total net return of the current crop in A.R.E.it estimated from 68.51 to 69.17 billion pound annually which increase about 0.66 billion pound which represent 1% from the current crops. While the total quantity of requirement water decrease from 61.19 to 58.95  billion cubic meter ,which decrease about 2.24 billion cubic meter which represent 3.66% of the current quantity of water. While the net return irrigation water for crops increasing from 1.12 to 1.17 pound /cubic meter which increase about 0.054 pound /cubic meter that represent 4.83% of the current net return irrigation water

consumer spending on food in EGYPT, and derive the price and expenditure elasticity for various categories of food goods in Egypt by applying Complete Demand Systems (The Linear Expenditure System LES) & Partial Demand Models (Analysis of Engel Curves), using cross-section data from the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIECS) conducted in 2010 & 2015 by CAPMAS: the results show that: The results of the LES model show that about 40% of the Supernumerary Expenditure is directed to the meat group, followed by the milk, cheese and eggs group by 16%, the fish group by 10%, then, the fruit group by 9% and the cereal and bread group by 8%, so this groups has an important place in the menu of the Egyptian consumer. The Food Poverty line for each person in 2015 is estimated at LE 6042 / person / year. From the previous results, A family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs. The expenditure elasticity of demand is estimated based on the regression model of Engel curves. According to the expenditure elasticity, the commodities are classified into three categories as necessities, luxuries and Giffen Good. The commodities, which have expenditure elasticity less than one, are called necessities, while, the commodities whose expenditure elasticity exceeds one, are called luxuries, then, the commodities whose negative expenditure elasticity, are called Giffen Good. The results of the analysis of food expenditure showed that expenditure elasticity for all food commodity were positive(without pasta & Lentil); indicating that demand for these products will continue to increase with growing real income and improving the level of Egyptian society. Therefore, the future demand for these foods would most likely increase steeply. Egypt will need to increase its production of these foods, especially livestock products that have high expenditure elasticity. The same holds true for Non Subsidized bread, natural butter, honey, dairy, yogurt, and fresh fine fish.   - From the previous results, Family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs, so a policy must be adopted to ensure the redistribution of income among individuals in order to raise the standard of living of certain groups under The Food Poverty line. - The current estimates of price elasticity’s should be very useful in the design of many different government policies.

The wheat crop in Egypt is a major source of food for a large population. There is a deficit in bridging the food gap. Egypt imports wheat with its domestic production. Egypt currently suffers from 50% self-sufficiency in wheat. The Port Said Governorate is considered one of the governorates of Egypt in which the Peace Canal contributes to the increase of land and Egypt from the wheat importing countries, which means that the economics of this crop have not been expanded in Zarattha in such a way that makes a significant contribution to filling the deficit and achieving self-sufficiency rates. The study aims to study the general time trends of the main changes associated with the estimation of the supply response of the wheat crop, which includes both the cultivated area of the crop, the agricultural price and the net yield of the crop. It also aims to identify the most important changes affecting the cultivated area, In agriculture The study was based on data from the Department of Agricultural Statistics in the Directorate of Agriculture in Port Said Governorate and the Agricultural Statistics Bulletin issued by the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics and some researches related to the subject of the study. The study used some descriptive and quantitative statistical methods such as simple regression method and multiple regression method to estimate the supply response functions of wheat yield in Port Said Governorate in the linear image. The results of the study on estimating general time equations for some of the economic indicators related to estimating the supply response of wheat yield during the period 2000-2016 in the cultivated area, the agricultural price and the net yield of the studied crop showed that there is an increasing general trend In both cultivated area and farm price and net return, 727, 24.82, 288.18 respectively and the significance of the model was established at the level of 0.05. What is for the results of the restoration of the supply of accounting? The study of the full linear model was overseen by the models for the response of the wheat yield in Port Said Governorate where it is clear from the full linear model that includes all the explanatory variables referred to that the model is significant. It is worth mentioning the significance of all the variables studied, (T-1), T-1 wheat price, T-1 wheat net yield (T-1), T-1 net, yield formula from wheat to clover (T-1) ), The stability of price policies, and the percentage of wheat / rice yield (T-1) 1% of the changes occurring in the area cultivated with wheat to the previous factors of the Immunization Heif order . As shown in the previous equation, there is a positive relationship between six factors and area cultivated wheat in the year, meaning that the increase of cultivated area of the year following the cultivation by 50 acres. The increase in the agricultural price was an incentive for farmers to increase the cultivated area of the crop studied in the year The net yield from wheat may lead to an increase in the cultivated area by 3.54 feddans, and the price ratio between the wheat crop / barley crop in the previous year was estimated at an area of about 91.56 feddans and the net yield from wheat to barley. Cultivated by 26848 feddans, a factor of inverse relation with the cultivated area of agricultural engineering, this factor may lead to a decrease in the cultivated area of wheat 8282.2 feddans on the cultivated area in the wheat province of Port Said Governorate. The elasticity of the supply response to the variable of crop area (X1) in the previous year, agriculture price (X2) in the previous year, (X4) net weight/ net wheat/barley yield in the previous year and (X6) previous 0.65, 2.8, 1.7, 1.58, respectively. If there is a change in the capacity of 1% in the area cultivated with wheat there is a change in the area cultivated in the previous year by 0.65%, and there is a change in the previous years farm price increased by 2.8% and wheat net/net barley yield has change by 1.7% and the wheat/ barley price ratio has change by 1.58%, respectively. The results showed that the model for the wheat yield response were the logarithmic model. This is evident from the value of (F) (R2).

The relative importance of fish in Egypt increased from 1482 thousand tons in 21001 to 15525 thousand tons in 2014, an increase of 43 thousand tons or about 2%. The fish are characterized by fluctuations in productivity and price, which affects the production and marketing decisions of both the producer and the consumer and lead to the emergence of problems and difficulties in marketing, the most important lack of marketing information and the modest marketing services available on the market and the high share of marketing intermediaries of the consumer price and requires study of the marketing side of the transit market. And used the standards for calculating the marketing margins and the distribution of consumer pounds and the same seasonal analysis of the prices of the most important types of fish during 2010-2014. The research was based on the primary data collected from the market as well as the secondary data obtained from the market management and then the selection of the types of tilapia and crustaceans as the most important types of fish, such as the high market value and demand. The share of the product in the 2014 retail price was about 83% while the wholesaler's share was about 64% while the retailer's share was 11.66% of the retail price. While the share of the wholesaler was 4.6%, while the share of the wholesaler was 19.4%. The efficiency estimate for the marketing costs of the tilapia category according to the variable yield index was 1020%. Therefore, the efficiency can be increased. To 90% which reflects the lack of efficiency and this during 2009 and then increased efficiency to reach a maximum of 100% in 2012-2014. The results of the efficiency assessment of the marketing costs of the cutters according to the variable yield scale of the minimum threshold of 0.5% and thus the efficiency can be increased to 95% which reflect the lack of efficiency and this during 2005 was the best efficiency during the years 2012-2014. The results of the IRS indicate increased marketing costs to improve efficiency during the year 2001-2011 and there was a reduction in costs in 2012 and the efficiency was high. In 2013 and 2014, there was a decrease in the independent variable from decreasing the difference with efficiency stability to reach the same efficiency. For tilapia. The results of the IRS show that the marketing costs to improve efficiency during the period 2001-2011 should be increased for catfish and there was a decrease in costs in 2012 and there was high efficiency. In 2013 and 2014 there was a shortage in the independent variable, Efficiency of access to the same efficiency. On the other hand, the minimum season of wholesale prices of tilapia during the years 2010-2014 in the months (October- November- August) and the maximum during the months (April- May- February), (October- December- November) and the upper limit (April- June- March). The most important marketing problems of fish in the absence of equipment market fish keeping 'weak regulation of the market lack of control on the actual functioning of the auctions market spread of the phenomenon of indiscriminate sale without a license, which requires regulation of dealing in the market and provide the appropriate equipment and provide data and market information for the services of all workers in the market.