Different formulations of pepper mint oil, i.e. bulk, nano-emulsion and nano-encapsulation were evaluated against 2nd and 4th instar larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Their effects on enzymatic activities and bionomics were also investigated. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the mean particle size of the prepared nano-emulsion ranged between 20-90nm. The encapsulation efficiency and loaded capacity percentages exhibited that distilled H2O was more suitable than ethanol in preparation of nano-encapsulation particles. Bioassay treatments showed LC50's on 2nd instars larvae were 70.59, 12.23 and 21.72 ppm for pepper mint oil, pepper mint nano-emulsion and loaded nanoemulsion, respectively. While on 4th instars these values were 80.47, 26.14 and 67.69 ppm, respectively. LC90's on 2nd instars were 104.75, 33.97 and 30.14 for pepper mint oil, pepper mint nanoemulsion and loaded nano-emulsion, respectively. While on 4th instars these values were 177.66, 71.37 and 102.29 ppm. Toxicity index and relative potency proved that nano-emulsion was more effective than loaded nano-emulsion, while the bulk preparation was the least effective one. Results of enzymatic activities showed marked effects of the three formulations of mint oil, significant inhibitions  were recorded for amylase, invertase, trehalase, protease and alkaline phosphatase, while significant increase in activities of cuticle phenoloxidase and chitinase. Effects of adding the three formulations to artificial diet of 2nd instar showed significant effects of the insect bionomics. Larvae durations, percentage mortalities, were increased as well as larval malformations. Also, pupal duration, percentage pupal mortality and pupal malformation were increased, while pupal weight was decreased. Adults longevity showed insignificant effects, while female fecundity and egg % fertility showed significant responce.

With the full recognition that the problem of inflation in Egypt is due mainly to factors related to the recent economic policy, while others are related to structural reasons, that ignited the flames of inflation led by monopolies prevailing in the commodity market. The problem is the rise in food and drink prices (FCPI) in particular. The problem is further compounded by the increase in poverty in Egypt, which rose to 31.8% in October 2017. The most serious is the increase of extreme poverty rate of 5.8% of the population is mainly due to rising food prices.  The research is concerned with the analysis of general price index and the food price index in four regions, namely, rural upper Egypt, urban upper Egypt, rural lower Egypt, and urban lower Egypt.  The research compare between the evolution of consumer price indices in two period, the first period cover, 22 months before the adoption of the  floating exchange rate policy and second period cover 15 months after the adoption from November 2016 of the new policy and it.  The main of the research are summarized in the following points:   1- Increase the general index of prices and number.                       2- A marked increase in the indices in the geographical areas in the countryside from the urban during two periods.                             3- There is a significant effect of the time component on the increase in the price index during two periods of study, which was more evident in the float period.                            4- The food price index had a clear effect on the increase in the general price index in the regions.  5- The conditions of the increase in the monthly inflation rates in the pre-flotation period in the Egyptian geographical regions, although there was a decrease in the floating period over time, in the floating period.              6- High urban inflation rates for rural areas, despite their rise.

Experiments carried out through 2016 revealed that a proper protocol for the in vitro propagation of Koronaki and Coratina olive cvs. as follows : Sterilization of stem node explants was carried out successfuly with copper sulphate at 50mg/l for Koronaki cv. And Ampicillin at 150mg/l for Coratina cv. both cultured on Olive medium.Multiplication on MS medium enriched with BAP at 1.5mg/l for both cvs.  Rooting of Koronaki on half sterngth OM medium enriched with IBA at 0.5mg/l and Coratina on half sterngth MS medium enriched with NAA at 0.1mg/l.  Acclimization of Koronaki plantlets derived from half strength OM rooting medium and acclimatized on peat : sand  (1:1) and Coratina plantlets derived from MS rooting medium and acclimatized on peat :sand : vermiculite (1:1:1).

From an eco–economic perspective, the efficient use of nitrogen is becoming incrementally worthwhile in crop management. Therefore, growth, yield and seed yield response index of three sesame varieties (Shandwel–1, Giza–32 and Sohag–1) as affected by four N rates (0, 72, 108 and 144 kg N ha−1) were investigated during two seasons of 2013 and 2014. The study illustrated that Sohag–1 was the superior variety for achieving SPAD value and seed yield ha−1. Sesame plants can be fertilized with N at a rate of 108 kg ha−1 being recorded higher seed yield ha−1. Integration between proper variety as a genetic factor with the appropriate N rate applied as an environmental one, i.e. Sohag–1 x 108 kg N ha−1 (or Sohag–1 x 144 kg N ha−1) considered a marked practice for gaining high sesame seed yield as an economic product. Being Sohag–1 exhibited less reduction in yield under low N rate and highly response with high N applied it belongs to ER group.

The study aimed to identify and compare changes in  consumer spending patterns in general and food expenditure in particular in both rural and urban areas during the period (2004 / 20052014 / 2015) Moreover  and the economic and monetary changes affecting the standard of livinghas also made in Egypt.  The study was based on quantitative and descriptive statistical methods such as arithmetic mean, rate of change and percentages, estimating the marginal slope of expenditure, and the elasticity of expenditure of the main food groups, and use of some quantitative analysis methods as a test of the difference between the average of two independent samples, (2004/05, 2014/2015), as well as some studies and research related to the subject of the study.  The results showed that the percentage of expenditure on food and drink in both rural and urban areas decreased from the total annual expenditure per capita in 2014/2015 compared to 2004/2005 and that it ranked first among the various expenditure groups during the two study periods and vice versa to the low rate of expenditure on housing in rural areas, the urban expenditure rate increased during 2014/2015.   The results showed that the relative importance of urban rural food expenditure, which was reflected in the reduction of the rural-urban food gap, increased from 27.6% to 14.5%. And vice versa, the percentage increased of the rural- urban nonfood gap, from 50.6% to 42.8% during the two study periods. However, the statistical is no significance of the difference between the average of two samples for the total expenditure, food and non-food between rural and urban during the two periods.  Results also showed an increase in expenditure on some food groups such as meat, vegetables, cheese, eggs, fish and non-alcoholic beverages, and the decrease in per capita expenditure on cereals and bread in both rural and urban areas during 2014-2015 compared to 2004/2005  The results showed the variation in the elasticity of the expenditure of the food and drink group in both rural and urban areas, some of which were necessary and some of them were morenecessary during 2004/2005. However, they increased per capita in rural areas for all food commodities during 2014-2015, However, most of the food commodities in urban areas is necessary commodities.  With reference to the political and monetary changes that occurred during the last ten years, the results of the study showed that the percentage of families living below the poverty line in the rural areas and their urban rise in 2014/2015 compared with 2004/2005, which means that the urban poor are more affected by their rural, The percent age of households living below the absolute poverty line in both rural and urban areas decreased in the second year compared to the first year. The percentage of non-poor households in both rural and urban areas increased in the second year compared with the first year, which indicates improvement Relative to the living conditions of some rural families, While in urban areas, the decline in the proportion of semi-poor families and the increase in the proportion of both poor and non-poor  households makes the change in living standards either positive or negative, but the study suggested that there was a transmission to those who were on the edge of poverty to below the poverty line, A change in the consumption pattern, which was affected by the high prices of most food commodities, especially meat and poultry and try to find different alternatives, whether from fish or from eggs and milk derivatives.

field experiment was conducted in newly reclaimed sand soil to find out the most efficient combination between irrigation system and deficit irrigation management can be used for date palm trees “Zaghlol cultivar”. Results revealed that the average water requirements of date palm trees gradually increased from 1504, 1279, 1128 and 978 for drip to 2522, 2143, 1891, and 1639 m3/fedSeason for bubbler irrigation system in combination with 100, 85, 75 and 65% deficit irrigation treatments respectively. Data indicated that EC1:5 in dS/m gradually increased with decreasing deficit irrigation levels from 100 to 65% and with increasing soil layer depth to 60-90 cm either in parallel or perpendicular direction of drip or bubbler irrigation lines. While opposite result was observed for soil moisture distribution. Results showed an evident decrease in crop yield as affected by water stress associated with decreasing deficit irrigation treatments from 100 to 85, 75 and 65 % by about 167, 155, 153, 151 for drip and 181.5, 168, 172 and 169 kg/Tree for bubbler irrigation systems. Data revealed that water use efficiency increased from 0.10 for 100 % DI to 0.93, 0.83 and 0.64 m3/kg for 85, 75 and 65 % deficit irrigation under drip and slightly decreased from 0.16 for 100 % DI to 0.14, 0.12 and 0.11 m3/kg for bubbler irrigation systems respectively. It could be concluded that the best method for managing irrigation of date palm trees "Zaghloul cultivar" in the study area is the irrigation using bubbler system with 75% deficit irrigation  treatment. This combination treatment gave acceptable yield of about 172 kg/tree with saving a substantial amount of Irrigation water reached to about 25% (1891 m3/fed or 22 m3/tree) with WUE of about 8.09 kg/m3.

The aim of the present work to study the effect of foodtypes (sugar syrup fortified with Garlic (Allium sativum), Lemon (Citrus limon), Garlic plus Lemon), pollen grains and plain sugar syrup (1:1)) on contamination of honey with bacteria, fungi and yeasts. The data indicated that application of sugar syrup plus extracts of garlic, lemon, garlic plus lemon or bee pollen led to decrease population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts compared with control treatment (plain sugar syrup 1:1). The fungi were the least population in all the treatments compared with bacteria and yeasts, meanwhile population of bacteria were moderately and the yeasts were the most occurrence. Garlic plus lemon treatment was the most effective against population of microorganisms, but garlic and lemon separate were moderately effective and bee pollen treatment was the least effective compared with other treatments. According to isolation and identification procedures, three bacterial species (Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulism), four fungal species (Aspergillus apis, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp.) and three yeasts species (Debaromyces sp., Lipomyces sp. and Saccharomyces sp.) were determined according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters. Cladosporium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with other bacteria species, but Aspergillus apis fungus was the most frequency compared with other fungi species and Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency compared with other yeasts.

Angular leaf spot, caused by P. syringae, is one of the most important bacterial disease of watermelon. For disease management, growers rely on copper bactericides, which are effective after the first two weeks of transplanting, while they couldn’t be applied before that due to the high phytotoxicity they may cause to the plant. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three new copper composites, core-shell copper (CS-Cu), multivalent copper (MV-Cu), and fixed quaternary ammonium copper (FQ-Cu), as potential treatments to control the disease before the emergence of the first true leaf where copper is not available, and to identify the possibility of applying the newly designed copper composites during that period to significantly reduce secondary dispersal of disease inoculum. In vitro, 50 μg/ml of metallic copper from MV-Cu and FQ-Cu significantly reduced the P. syringae populations after 2hrs of exposure compared to the untreated control (P= 0.05) and were more effective than using the Kocide® 3000. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that MV-Cu and FQ-Cu significantly reduced the disease incidence compared to both Mankozeb+ Kocide® 3000 and untreated control when using the seed inoculation method. In contrast, none of the nano-composites significantly reduced disease incidence when using the spray inoculation method. MV-Cu and FQ-Cu managed to significantly reduce seedling to seedling disease transmission under greenhouse conditions (P = 0.05). This study highlights that copper composites have the potential to manage P. syringae in the first two weeks of transplanting and reducing the contamination rate from infected to healthy transplants

In this study, chemical and bio-control agents were  evaluated for their efficiency to control of  citrus fruit-rot disease  caused Alternaria citri  (K2) both, in vitro and in vivo trials. The most effective fungicides were score, montro and Iprodione compared with other fungicides depend on Ec50 and Ec90. While, the fungicide Pyraclostrobine had moderate effect on linear growth of A.  citri. Meanwhile, the Coprax, Coprareekh and Azoxystrobine were the least effective fungicide at Ec90.  Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis tested showed antagonistic action effect to a highly pathogenic isolate of Alternaria citri, with different degrees of inhibition. T. harzianum was the most effective compared with B. subtilis, in vitro trials. Also, all fungicides were evaluated on incidence of citrus fruit rot disease in vivo trials.  The disease incidence was reduced, but with different degrees. In addition, using T. harzianum, B. subtilis, B. megaterium (Bio-ARC) and Trichoderma   album (Bio-Zeid) decreased    incidence of citrus fruit rot disease. On the other side, T. harzianum showed the highest suppressive effect against citrus fruit rot pathogen. Generally, all tested fungicides and bio-agents were effective against the causal fungus in vitro and in vivo trials, but with different degrees.

This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons 2013 and 2014 on fruits of Washington Navel orange (Citrus sinensis L.). The experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of some environmentally safe matural products to improve the storability of  Navel orange (citrus sinensis) fruits during 2013 and 2014 seasons, Jojoba oil (1,3,5)%, castor oil (0.5, 1,2)%, yeast (1,2,3)%, seaweed (1,2,3)%, hot water (45ᵒC and commercial wax were used for proposed study, After the application of the treatments on the fruits, fruits were stored at a temperature of 5°±1  C and 90%±5 of  relative humidity for 60 days, physical characteristics (weight loss%, decay% and the peel's thickness of the crust) and chemical properties (total phenols) were determined. Results indicated that, castor oil (2 and 1)% and jojoba oil 5% reduced the deterioration in weight loss%, decay%, peel thickness,  and phenols content, compared to the content was obtained in control. So the results show that, coating orange fruits with castor oil (1, 2)% and jojoba oil (5)% had the most effective in improve the storability of orange fruits Navel Orange (Citrus sinensis L.).