Probiotics refer to the microorganisms that exhibit a beneficial effect on the animals’ health through intestinal microbial balance. This investigation intends to identify and define the probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the digestive systems of ruminants. Bacterial strains were isolated purified and characterized based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolates were identified using the 16S rRNA gene partial sequencing method. Most of the strains exhibited a decrease in the growth by increasing the concentration of the bile salt, NaCl, increasing the temperature over 37˚C, and moving toward neutrality and alkalinity of the media. Strain Lactobacillus farraginis MD_A11 revealed the lowest de-crease in the growth percentage when subjected to different bile salt concentrations of 5.96, 6.61, 6.85, 7.40, 7.53, and 7.64%, NaCl% concentrations of 1.40, 5.62, 6.48, 7.36, 7.39, 7.41, 7.42, 7.28, and 13.76%, raising the temperature over 37oC being 4.19 & 3.945%, different pH levels as compared to control, and it recorded the lowest medium pH after the third day being 4.20 with titrable acidity of 0.32%. Strain Lactobacillus farraginis MD_A11 could be recommended as a probiotic feed additive for ruminants to improve their growth performance and productivity.

Probiotics refer to microorganisms that exhibit a beneficial effect on the animals’ health through intestinal microbial balance. This investigation intends to identify and define the probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the digestive systems of ruminants. Bacterial strains were isolated purified and characterized based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolates were identified using the 16S rRNA gene partial sequencing method. Most of the strains exhibited a decrease in the growth by increasing the concentration of the bile salt, NaCl, increasing the temperature over 37oC, and moving toward neutrality and alkalinity of the media. Strain Lactobacillus farraginis MD_A11 revealed the lowest decrease in the growth percentage when subjected to different bile salt concentrations of 5.96, 6.61, 6.85, 7.40, 7.53, and 7.64%, NaCl% concentrations of 1.40, 5.62, 6.48, 7.36, 7.39, 7.41, 7.42, 7.28, and 13.76%, raising the temperature over 37oC being 4.19 & 3.945%, different pH levels as compared to control, and it recorded the lowest medium pH after the third day being 4.20 with titrable acidity of 0.32%. Strain Lactobacillus farraginis MD_A11 could be recommended as a probiotic feed additive for ruminants to improve their growth performance and productivity.

The dissipation behavior of three pesticides, bifenazate, spirodiclofen and abamectin was studied in strawberry fruits using a modified QuEChERS extraction technique. The residues of the tested acaricides were determined under field conditions after 1 hour (zero days), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) were 2, 2, and 0.15 mg/kg for bifenazate, spirodiclofen and abamectin, respectively. The strawberry fruits could be used safely after 15 days from bifenazate spraying and after 3 days from spirodiclofen spraying. The concentration of abamectin after 21 days did not reach MRL. The half-life values (t1/2) of bifenazate, spirodiclofen, and abamectin in strawberry fruits were 0.99, 0.86, and 5.7 days, respectively.

The dissipation behavior of three pesticides, bifenazate, spirodiclofen and abamectin was studied in strawberry fruits using a modified QuEChERS extraction technique. The residues of the tested acaricides were determined under field conditions after 1 hour (zero days), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) were 2, 2, and 0.15 mg/kg for bifenazate, spirodiclofen and abamectin, respectively. The strawberry fruits could be used safely after 15 days from bifenazate spraying and after 3 days from spirodiclofen spraying. The concentration of abamectin after 21 days did not reach MRL. The half-life values (t1/2) of bifenazate, spirodiclofen, and abamectin in strawberry fruits were 0.99, 0.86, and 5.7 days, respectively.

Stenotrophomonas sp. is a plant-associated rhizospheric bacteria. It has the capability to enhance plant productivity. It acts as a mineral dissolution and growth promoter for plants under salt-stress conditions. The selected isolates revealed the general morphological and biochemical characteristics of Stenotrophomonas sp. All the isolates exhibited the highest growth density after 15 hr. at 30˚C, resistance to different levels of salinity, different pH levels, and different temperature degrees. Also, the isolates revealed their capabilities to solubilize phosphorus and potassium and to pro-duce different phytohormones. The isolate X.M9 exhibited the highest growth performance in the form of 1.376,1.326,1.292,1.053 and 1.059 OD in most salts’ concentrations compared to all tested isolates respectively. As well it (X.M9) exhibited the highest resistance to low temperatures 10 and 15oC being 0.917 and 1.354 OD respectively. The isolate X.M9 recorded the highest IAA of 83.73 mg/100ml compared to all the tested isolates. The isolate X.M9 were identified using 16 SRNA sequencing and submitted to the GenBank database under accession number No: OP050187 as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila.

Stenotrophomonas sp. is a plant-associated rhizospheric bacteria. It can enhance plant productivity. It acts as a mineral dissolution and growth promoter for plants under salt-stress conditions. The selected isolates revealed the general morphological and biochemical characteristics of Stenotrophomonas sp. All the isolates exhibited the highest growth density after 15 hr. at 30oC, resistance to different levels of salinity, different pH levels, and different temperature degrees. Also, the isolates revealed their capabilities to solubilize phosphorus and potassium and to produce different phytohormones. The isolate X.M9 exhibited the highest growth performance in the form of 1.376,1.326,1.292,1.053 and 1.059 OD in most salts’ concentrations compared to all tested isolates respectively. In addition, it (X.M9) exhibited the highest resistance to low temperatures 10 and 15oC being 0.917 and 1.354 OD respectively. The isolate X.M9 recorded the highest IAA of 83.73 mg/100ml compared to all the tested isolates. The isolate X.M9 was identified using 16 SRNA sequencing and submitted to the GenBank database un-der accession number No: OP050187 as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila.

Congo red (CR) is an anionic dye that is released from various industries and demonstrates a negative effect on the environment and human health. Dye`s elimination from the environment is an important challenge; therefore, the aim of this study was the application of unhydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse wastes, after acid hydrolysis, drying, grinding and including cellulose acetate to form different composite sheets. The composite sheets were applied in the 3Rs (Removal of Congo red using the composite sheet, Recover of the Congo red after removal using ethanol, and Reuse of the composite sheet many times) processes. The Congo red removal efficiency by the composite sheets was optimized using two statistical methods, One Factor at A Time (OFAT) and General Factorial Design. Afterward, isotherms models and kinetics studies were investigated; moreover, the reusability was also examined. The results exhibited that, the Congo red removal efficiency of 76.27 % was achieved for 500 ppm of the dye using the composite sheet with a concentration of 7 g/L; at a pH value of 7.0 and a contact time of 240 min. Interestingly, the composite sheets have been applied for 3Rs (Removal, Recovery, Reuse) cycles 5 times.

Congo red (CR) is an anionic dye that is released from various industries and demonstrates a negative effect on the environment and human health. Dye`s elimination from the environment is an important challenge; therefore, the aim of this study was the application of unhydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse wastes, after acid hydrolysis, drying, grinding and including cellulose acetate to form different composite sheets. The composite sheets were applied in the 3Rs (Removal of Congo red using the composite sheet, Recover of the Congo red after removal using ethanol, and Reuse of the composite sheet many times) processes. The Congo red removal efficiency by the composite sheets was optimized using two statistical methods, One Factor at A Time (OFAT) and General Factorial Design. Afterward, isotherms models and kinetics studies were investigated; moreover, the reusability was also examined. The results exhibited that, the Congo red removal efficiency of 76.27 % was achieved for 500 ppm of the dye using the composite sheet with a concentration of 7 g/L; at a pH value of 7.0 and a contact time of 240 min. Interestingly, the composite sheets have been applied for 3Rs (Removal, Recovery, Reuse) cycles 5 times.

Livestock plays a significant role in food production, income generation, soil quality, transportation and the overall welfare of communities, especially in developing nations. Sheep and goats are vital sources of food, livelihood and urgent financial needs. Researching livestock practices can help optimize production, enhance productivity, and improve market access, ultimately boosting the economic well-being of developing communities. Research is needed to identify climate-resilient livestock practices, develop drought-resistant breeds, and optimize feed management strategies. By enhancing the resilience of livestock systems, research can help safeguard food security and livelihoods in the face of climate change. Climate change, evidenced by temperature changes and increased extreme weather events, negatively impacts traditional farming systems and livestock production by affecting pastures, feeds, water quality and livestock diseases. Breeds of the Coastal Zone of Western Desert (CZWD)  such as the Barki sheep and goat as well as the Saidi breed in Upper Egypt (UE), have adapted to these harsh conditions and are crucial for smallholders. However, there's an information gap regarding these breeds' productivity in smallholder systems. This study utilizes the Twelve Month Monitoring (12MO) survey to estimate the productivity and demographic parameters of these breeds from 2018 to 2020.

Livestock plays a significant role in food production, income generation, soil quality, transportation and the overall welfare of communities, especially in developing nations. Sheep and goats are vital sources of food, livelihood and urgent financial needs. Researching livestock practices can help optimize production, enhance productivity, and improve market access, ultimately boosting the economic well-being of developing communities. Research is needed to identify climate-resilient livestock practices, develop drought-resistant breeds, and optimize feed management strategies. By enhancing the resilience of livestock systems, research can help safeguard food security and livelihoods in the face of climate change. Climate change, evidenced by temperature changes and increased extreme weather events, negatively impacts traditional farming systems and livestock production by affecting pastures, feeds, water quality and livestock diseases. Breeds of the Coastal Zone of Western Desert (CZWD)  such as the Barki sheep and goat as well as the Saidi breed in Upper Egypt (UE), have adapted to these harsh conditions and are crucial for smallholders. However, there's an information gap regarding these breeds' productivity in smallholder systems. This study utilizes the Twelve Month Monitoring (12MO) survey to estimate the productivity and demographic parameters of these breeds from 2018 to 2020.

The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is a widespread pollinator insect. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) has recently caused a significant decline in honeybee numbers worldwide. The beekeeping industry, agriculture, and world biodiversity are threatened by the honeybee population decline. We examined the mRNA levels of heat shock protein gene 60 (hsp60), acetylcholinesterase 1, and acetylcholinesterase 2, as biomolecular markers of the insect response to three separate forms of environmental stress, including high temperature, low temperature, and insecticide. The obtained results indicated increased levels of hsp60 and acetylcholinesterase 2 after the exposure of worker bees to temperatures of 17, 32, and 40°C for one hour, as well as exposure to a low dose of pesticide for 24 h ingestion of imidacloprid solution (2 ppm); meanwhile, acetylcholinesterase 1 showed remarkable expression decrease under heat and cold stresses but increased under pesticide treatment.  The responses of honeybees to hsp60, acetylcholinesterase 1, and acetylcholinesterase 2 are diverse and very specific to various stimuli. According to this research, the distinct expression profiles of hsp60 and acetylcholinesterase 2 can serve as useful instruments for tracking honeybees' vulnerability to varied environmental effects. Due to its insufficient responsiveness, acetylcholinesterase 1 expression is not permitted for use as a biomarker.

The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is a widespread pollinator insect. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) has recently caused a significant decline in honeybee numbers worldwide. The beekeeping industry, agriculture, and world biodiversity are threatened by the honeybee population decline. We examined the mRNA levels of heat shock protein gene 60 (hsp60), acetylcholinesterase 1, and acetylcholinesterase 2, as biomolecular markers of the insect response to three separate forms of environmental stress, including high temperature, low temperature, and insecticide. The obtained results indicated increased levels of hsp60 and acetylcholinesterase 2 after the exposure of worker bees to temperatures of 17, 32, and 40°C for one hour, as well as exposure to a low dose of pesticide for 24 h ingestion of imidacloprid solution (2 ppm); meanwhile, acetylcholinesterase 1 showed remarkable expression decrease under heat and cold stresses but increased under pesticide treatment.  The responses of honeybees to hsp60, acetylcholinesterase 1, and acetylcholinesterase 2 are diverse and very specific to various stimuli. According to this research, the distinct expression profiles of hsp60 and acetylcholinesterase 2 can serve as useful instruments for tracking honeybees' vulnerability to varied environmental effects. Due to its insufficient responsiveness, acetylcholinesterase 1 expression is not permitted for use as a biomarker.

Nine Penicillium digitatum isolates were isolated from citrus fruits and tested for their pathogenicity on Navel orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L.). In this regard, the isolates exhibited three different levels of virulence. The isolates were identified morphologically using malt extract agar (MEA) and Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) for colony characteristics, and MEA for microscopic features. Each one of the isolates has the unique features of P. digitatum, especially the largest conidia (6.1-11.9 µm long X 3.2-8 µm width), and phialides (10.1-21.4 µm long X 4-5.1 µm width). In addition, the isolates were identified on a molecular basis using ITS1 and ITS4 primers to confirm morphological identification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that there was high variance among the isolates, and there were different relations between some of our isolates and other P. digitatum registered strains originating from different countries all over the world. The sequences were submitted to respective GenBank nucleotide databases with accession No. OR198852, OR198853, OR198854, OR198855, OR198856, OR198857, OR198858, OR198859 and OR198860. We also isolated a new P. digitatum (OB15: OR198859) strain with high virulence and rapid sporulation

Nine Penicillium digitatum isolates were isolated from citrus fruits and tested for their pathogenicity on Navel orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L.). In this regard, the isolates exhibited three different levels of virulence. The isolates were identified morphologically using malt extract agar (MEA) and Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) for colony characteristics, and MEA for microscopic features. Each one of the isolates has the unique features of P. digitatum, especially the largest conidia (6.1-11.9 µm long X 3.2-8 µm width), and phialides (10.1-21.4 µm long X 4-5.1 µm width). In addition, the isolates were identified on a molecular basis using ITS1 and ITS4 primers to confirm morphological identification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that there was high variance among the isolates, and there were different relations between some of our isolates and other P. digitatum registered strains originating from different countries all over the world. The sequences were submitted to respective GenBank nucleotide databases with accession No. OR198852, OR198853, OR198854, OR198855, OR198856, OR198857, OR198858, OR198859 and OR198860. We also isolated a new P. digitatum (OB15: OR198859) strain with high virulence and rapid sporulation

The experiment was carried out on three different vegetable crops, Cucumber Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae), eggplant Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) and okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Malvaceae), during summer 2021, to investigate the effect of vegetation type on spider density and diversity. For this study, the pitfall trap method was used to collect spiders from the soil surface to ensure a comprehensive representation of all spider guilds. During this study, 20 species belonging to 6 families were collected. The results showed that a total of 374, 285 and 194 individuals belonging to 18, 17 and 15 species were recorded in okra, cucumber and eggplant fields respectively. Species diversity was greater in okra cultivation. Results also indicated that the Lycosidae family was the most abundant and dominant, representing 71.75%, followed by the Linyphiidae family of 90 individuals representing 10.55% of the whole obtained population. The most dominant species were Wadicosa fidelis 152, 98 and 67 individuals and Pardosa injucunda 111, 69 and 52 individuals in okra, cucumber and eggplant respectively. It is inferred from this study that the type of plant can have an impact on spider communities.

The experiment was carried out on three different vegetable crops, Cucumber Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae), eggplant Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) and okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Malvaceae), during summer 2021, to investigate the effect of vegetation type on spider density and diversity. For this study, the pitfall trap method was used to collect spiders from the soil surface to ensure a comprehensive representation of all spider guilds. During this study, 20 species belonging to 6 families were collected. The results showed that a total of 374, 285 and 194 individuals belonging to 18, 17 and 15 species were recorded in okra, cucumber and eggplant fields respectively. Species diversity was greater in okra cultivation. Results also indicated that the Lycosidae family was the most abundant and dominant, representing 71.75%, followed by the Linyphiidae family of 90 individuals representing 10.55% of the whole obtained population. The most dominant species were Wadicosa fidelis 152, 98 and 67 individuals and Pardosa injucunda 111, 69 and 52 individuals in okra, cucumber and eggplant respectively. It is inferred from this study that the type of plant can have an impact on spider communities.