This study was carried out in two successive seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at SEKEM company Farm (Bilbase, Sharkya Governorate) on chia (Salvia hispanica) plant which is  a new crop introduced lately to Egyptian cultivation as  a medicinal plant. The effect of three irrigation levels of different reference evapotranspiration (80, 100 and 120 % ETo) with foliar application of three levels of proline (100, 200 and 300 ppm), salicylic acid (200, 400 and 600 ppm) and putrescine (10, 15 and 20 ppm) in addition to the control treatment (tap water) was investigated on growth and yield of Salvia hispanica cultivated in sandy loam soil with drip irrigation system. The results of the two years experiments indicated that the highest values of plant growth parameters and seeds yield of S. hispanica were obtained from 100 % ETo. While 120 % ETo resulted in the maximum value of roots fresh and dry weights. Foliar-spray application of proline (100 ppm.), salicylic acid (200 ppm) and putrescine (10 ppm) resulted in optimum fresh and dry weights of herbage and roots. Seed yield was higher in plants sprayed with proline (100 ppm) and putrescine (10 ppm), although the differences between them and salicylic acid (200 and 400 ppm) or putrescine (15 ppm) were insignificant in both seasons. This leads us to recommend irrigation of S. hispanica accordingly with 100 % ETo coupled with foliar-spray application of salicylic acid (200 ppm) from the economic point of view.

Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha Research Station, Cotton Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center at Giza, Egypt during the two summer growing seasons ,2014 and 2015 The aim of the work was to study the effect of the combination among nano-fertilization ,mineral fertilization and organic fertilization on growth, yield and fiber technological properties of Egyptian cotton Giza 94 cultivar.                 The most important results can be summarized as follows: Response of cotton yield and lint properties to mineral N.P.K nano-fertilization the complex treatment contains half dose of both the nano-fertilizer and the bio-organic fertilizer gave the highest reading for plant height (cm), number of fruiting branches per plant, number of open bolls per plant, boll weight (gram), lint percentage, Seed index, Seed cotton yield (Kentar/fed.) , Lint cotton yield  (Kentar/fed.), fiber maturity ratio (MR), upper half mean (UHM)mm, fiber uniformity index (UI), fiber strength  (g/tex), and micronaire value flowed by the treatment 100% nano then the recommended dose of mineral fertilizer NPK. On the other hand, the lowest values for all the above traits, were recorded from the half does of NPK mineral fertilizer in 2014 and 2015 seasons, .While, There were no significant differences between the means of the fiber elongation % due to the treatments applied during the study in 2014 season .It's worthy to mention that, the percentage of fiber elongation had no constant trend due to fertilizer transactions applied on the adopted genotype during` 2015 season, meaning that nano-fertilizer is boosting the fiber elongation percent.

This research aims to study weeds diversity among five represented habitats namely; field crops, orchards, canal banks, wastelands and water bodies along Mariotteya Canal, Giza. A total of 88 species belong to 74 genera and 27 families were recorded and identified with Egyptian floras and available checklists. The dicotyledons families were represented by (69%); while monocotyledons were (31%). The common families were Poaceae (26%); while both of Compositae and Leguminosae were represented by (8%). Three species were recorded from each of Apiaceae, Cyperaceae, Malvaceae and Polygonaceae and two species from Salicaceae and Amaranthaceae. In addition to, 13 families were monotypic. The annuals species were represented by (59%), perennial herbs were (30%); while trees, shrubs and biennials species were (7%), (3%) and (1%); respectively. The life form showed that, therophytes species were represented by (60%) followed by chamaephytes (14%) then phanerophytes (10%). The chorological ratios showed that cosmopolitan taxa had the highest contribution (25%), followed by pantropical (19%) then palaeotropical (14%). Based on species recorded among five represented habitats, the cluster analysis divided the studied habitats into three groups. Group one included field crops and orchards habitats. Second group contained canal banks and wastelands habitats; while third group included water bodies' habitat. Moreover, field crops and orchards habitats showed the highest similarity value (0.614) followed by (0.559) between canal banks and wastelands habitats. On the other hand, there was no similarity between species of water bodies' habitat and species of the other habitats.

The increase of broilers production in Jordan makes it urgent to study broiler tiller produced. So, the study uses the economics of broiler litter concerning its usage as a source of energy production or as a source of fertilizers. The reuse of broiler litter (BL) will reduce the environmental impact. This empirical term paper used the different alternatives to manage broiler tiller. Many assumptions have been made to reach the feasibility of managing broiler litter. The results showed that the cash flow of using litter as a source of fertilizer was higher compared to use it for energy production for the years of study (1992-2014). The use of litter as a source of fertilizer as a source of fertilizer is more feasible than being used as a source of energy. The study recommended that the collected litter of broiler farms should be treated through specialized party to increase the economic feasibility and minimize the environmental effects.

Different  research  reports have revealed that food industry by-products can be considered as good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the peel extracts of pomegranate (PoP), mango (MaP), prickly-pear (PrP), Cantaloupe (CaP) and pea (PeP) using different solvent polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethylacetate and water) to particular attention to their content of total phenolics and flavoniods. Among all tested extracts, ethanolic extracts of PoP, MaP and PrP and aqueous extract of CaPand PeP were shown to exhibited a  significant (p≤0.05) highest extraction yield, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (measured by DPPH,ABTS and FRAP methods). The antioxidant capacity of different peel extracts was showed the following descending order, MaP>PoP>PrP>CaP≈ PeP. Also there was a strong positive correlation between the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP values and total phenolic as well as,  flavoniod contents of different peels extracts. Seventeen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-UV analysis in different peel extracts. Galic acid was identified as the major compound  in MaP and PoP extracts, while it was rutin in the case PrP,CaPand PeP extracts. From the results obtained, fruit and vegetable peels can be considered as good sources of valuable bioactive compounds.

This study aimed at 1) identify level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to the integrated farm management in Sahl Altina as highly saline soil, 2) determine preferred extension methods from farmers point of view in the field of transferring highly saline soil recommendations, 3) identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to highly saline soil and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Sahl Altina regoin was selected to conduct this study as highly saline soil.  Three of the biggest famers’ cooperatives in terms of participation number were selected to comprise the population of the study. A survey was carried out using interview questionnaire. A random sample of 143 farmers representing 10% of the total number of farmers were selected to conduct this study Frequency tables, percentages, means were used for data presentation and analysis. contingency coefficient and Pearson correlation coeffi cients utilized to identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Findings of the study can be described as follows: There is Low level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant highly saline soil. Demonstration under supervision was the most preferable method from farmers point of view. There is correlation relationship between famers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: farming experience in highly saline soil, farm area, and satisfaction towards extension services. There is effect relationship between farmers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: education level and period of irrigation. Finally, four recommendations were developed according to the results of this study that may contribute to enhance extension work in the field of capacitating farmers with the integrated farm management under saline conditions

crops in Arab world, this being a staple food of the citizen Arab, and is the research problem in the decline of production of the main cereal crops of wheat, maize, rice and sorghum rates in the Arab world, which accounts for about 50.7 million tons with an increase of consumption, which represent about 129 million tons during the period (2000-2013), and targeted research study economy, thus the Arab homeland cereal production through the study of the current situation of cereal production for the most important producing countries, and the estimation of the statistical production functions and costs for cereal Arab world .   The most important results have resulted in the following:   1- Studying the cereal production function in the short run in Arab world, and estimates flexibility productivity total of elements used for the function, which reflected the nature of increasing returns to scale for the three categories, respectively, in terms of production increases by the biggest increase production elements used, and appreciated the flexibility the production total of the elements of production in the estimated function in the long run, which amounted to about 0.9 nature of returns to scale declining terms of decreasing production by less than the increase in production factors. 2- The estimation of the economic efficiency of the use of seeds, and the  number of agricultural tractors, and fertilizers in cereal functions production for  world Arab for the three categories of productivity, results showed that there Optimal utilization of the two elements of seed and fertilizer in the third category and this agreed with the economic logic and therefore advised production under this category because it represents the appropriate size for the production of cereal –in Arab world, and the assessment of the economic efficiency of the productive classes the first and second shows the significant need to intensify the use of racist seeds, agricultural tractors and agreed with this economic logic . 3- By studying the cost functions of production for cereal-producing countries for cereal world Arab three classes in the short and long respectively term, low cost per unit produced increased scale productivity shows that consistent with economic logic, and thus advised to production on an economic scale under the third category as they approach the appropriate size cereal production, which represents the average output of about 23.2 million tons, and size optimized for the production of about 30 million tons, which means higher economic efficiency for this category and therefore is cereal production in this category, which is represented in Egypt, Morocco, Iraq, Syria, Somalia is better than the technical and economic face on the basis of less expensive Mid of the second category, regardless of the first category where not recommended for the production of cereal in the first category on an economic scale, which is represented in Oman, Kuwait, Mauritania, due to the weakness of each of the areas and so production can have, and the average unit cost of about 1.3, 106.6, 22.9 dollars per ton, respectively for the three categories, and this confirms previous results, also showed marginal costs for cereal estimates in the long run, which amounted to about $ 33.8 / ton, while the average cost of producing a ton of grain amounted to about $ 20, and as the optimal size of the production of about 20.25 million tons in the long run.

Field studies were carried out to study the effect of the different four directions (East, West, North and South) and the middle of the orange trees on the occurrence of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Staint. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), attacking orange orchards during the period extended from the beginning of July, 2015 until the end of June 2016. Also, to determine the common predatory species occurred in navel orange orchards in Qaluobiya Governorate. The warmer months that have the highest temperature degrees and that months having the newly orange leaves, had the highest percentages of infestation by the pest. The obtained results revealed that, the South direction of the orange trees had the highest percentages of leaves damage by the citrus leafminer, P. citrella. Where, there were significant differences between the South direction (68.75%), in comparing with those of the West direction (64.42%), the North direction (60.58%), the East direction (54.58%) and the middle of the orange trees (45.38%). So, it is recommended to firstly begin the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against the pest in this direction and at the suitable time. Moreover, the importance of the natural role of the common predatory species recorded in the orange orchard is obviously shown and must be encouraged and developed. The highest total numbers of all recorded predatory species were during July, 2015 (47 individuals) and April, 2016 (35 individuals). The recorded predatory species were the highest in the South direction (70 individuals), in comparing with those of the North direction (54), the East direction (50), the West direction (37) and the middle of the orange trees (20). True spiders were recorded as the most predators (114 individuals), in orange orchard and also in the same time of pest occurrence. The animal predatory species (true spiders and predatory mites) were the highest in their numbers (167 individuals), in comparing to the insect predatory species: Chrysoperla carnea, Scymnus sp., Coccinella undecimpunctata, Orius sp. and Metasyrphus sp., of lower individuals numbers (64 individuals). In general, from this study, it is also recommended to use the different predatory species such as: Chrysoperla carnea, Scymnus sp., Coccinella undecimpunctata and Orius sp., for P. citrella control firstlyfrom the South direction. Where, this pest controlcan be applied by mass rearing of these predators in the laboratory and releasing them in orange orchards against P. citrella or other related pests (such as the citrus aphids species and mealybugs). This approach is believed to be highly practical for use as one of the means of biological control with the frame work of suitable and safe IPM programs in citrus orchards in Egypt.

Plants and plant by-products are now gaining attractiveness in treatment of bacterial infections and food preservation. The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity of some Egyptian plant and plant by-products against the locally pathogenic isolates from patients having infectious diseases in our country. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts of some plants: grape leaves (Vitis vinifera), mulberry leaves (Morus alba), mallow leaves (Corchorus olitorius) and lemon leaves (Citrus limon) toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., were investigated. Antibacterial activity was performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extract of tested plant leaves showed promising antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested bacterial isolates due to its great ability to extract those polyphenolic and biological active compounds from natural sources which effectively act against broad spectrum bacteria. Ethanol followed by methanol were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum health and medicinal benefits. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency increase with polarity increasing of the solvents, hence the highest extraction done with ethanol and methanol and the lowest extraction with nonpolar solvent n-hexanedid not exhibit any activity against all the tested bacteria. Irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity of all tested plant leaves. Results indicate the potential of these plants for further work on isolation and characterization of the active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity and its exploitation as therapeutic agents

The United Nations announced in 2016 was as international year for Legumes crops. As a part of sustainable food production, legumes are playing a vital role in Egypt for providing people with their needs from plant protein and amino acids. In general, Egypt suffers a gap between domestic production of legumes and consumption needs, particularly of Faba bean, and lentil. Thus, self sufficiency ratios reached 39% and 1.6% for both crops in 2014 respectively ([1]). Consequently, the imported amounts from both products were increasing during 1993 and 2014. So that the average of import value of Faba bean reached to LE 1.7 milliards alone, while lentil reached to LE 583.4 millions during 2010 and 2014, which represent about 66.2% and  22.3% respectively from  the average import value of legume crops.  Due to spread Balkiros injury in 2011, the cultivated area and domestic production of Faba bean has been significantly declined so that import value was increased. While, Faba bean domestic production represents about 78% of total legumes production, lentil represents only 1.3% as average of the period (1993-2014)([2]). The present paper aims to: (a) Identify the most important productivity and consumption indicators for leguminous crops in Egypt by using the equations of general time trend during the period (1993-2014). (b) Analyze statistical methods for predicting the most important economic indicators for legumes during the future period (2015-2024). ARIMA models were used to forecast production, consumption, and self-sufficiency after eliminating time series non-stationary and transferring it into stability or stationary series. This was done to be able to use PC-application econometric software package E-views 8 program. (c) Review, explain and interpret the results of ARIMA forecasting and the general time trend models as guidelines to draw agricultural production policy for legumes. ([1]) Ministry of Agriculture and land reclamation, economic affairs sector, the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics, Public Administration of agricultural economic resources, food balance sheets, various issues. ([2] ) Ministry of Agriculture and land reclamation, economic affairs sector, the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics, Foreign trade of agricultural exports and imports Bulletin, various issues.